Table 1.
Depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and stress (PSS-4) scores for 18- to 24-year-olds compared with older respondents and published population normative data.a
| Scales | PHQ-9 score |
GAD-7 score |
PSS-4 score |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–24 years |
>24 years |
Norms |
18–24 years |
>24 years |
Norms |
18–24 years |
>24 years |
Norms |
|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Total score | 11.23 (6.4)b | 7.2 (5.8) | 2.91 (3.5) | 9.02 (6.0)b | 6.3 (5.4) | 2.95 (3.4) | 8.13 (3.3)b | 6.3 (3.2) | 6.11 (3.1) |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 9.68 (7.1)b | 5.9 (5.7) | 2.7 (3.5) | 7.16 (6.5)b | 4.9 (5.1) | 2.66 (3.2) | 6.83 (3.7)b | 5.7 (3.2) | 5.56 (3.0) |
| Female | 11.66 (6.1)b | 7.4 (5.8) | 3.1 (3.5) | 9.52 (5.7)b | 6.5 (5.4) | 3.20 (3.5) | 8.47 (3.1)b | 6.4 (3.2) | 6.38 (3.2) |
a
PHQ-9, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7, the 7-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale; PSS-4, the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale. Published population normative data for PHQ-9; SD, standard deviation (Kocalevent et al., 2013)12, GAD-7 (Löwe et al., 2008)14, PSS-4 (Warttig et al., 2013)13.
b
Mean scores were significantly higher among young respondents aged between 18 and 24 years compared with older respondents (age >24 years) and published population normative data (age ≥18 years), all P < 0.0001.