Table 1.

Plant part, extraction methods and biological activities and results.

Plant Part	Extraction Method/Type	Bioactivity	Model	Main Results	Ref.
Leaves	Ethanolic extract	Neuroprotective	In vitro: anti-oxidant activity	Dose-dependently (6.25–100 mg/mL) enhanced scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals	[9]
		Neuroprotective	In vitro: HT22 neuronal cell death	Extract significantly reversed H2O2-induced neuronal cell death at 25 or 50 µg/mL	[9]
		Neuroprotective	In vivo: Aβ-injected AD like mouse-model	Increased expression of NeuN and BDNF in hippocampus reversing the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ aggregates	[9]
		Neuroprotective	In vivo: Aβ-injected AD like mouse-model	Reduced the Aβ-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR and GRK2	[9]
		Anti-Alzheimer’s	In vitro: Aβ aggregation	Dose-dependently inhibited Aβ aggregation by 91.35% at 100 mg/mL	[9]
		Anti-Alzheimer’s	In vivo: Aβ-injected AD like mouse-model	At 100 μg/mL extract significantly attenuated the effects of Aβ aggregation in the passive avoidance task and Y-maze test	[9]
		Neuroprotective	In vivo: SCO-induced hippocampal neuronal damage	Prevented scopolamine-induced neuron damage in SCO-mediated memory deficit mice as shown by cresyl violet staining	[11]
		Neuroprotective	In vivo: cholinergic function in scopolamine-treated Mice	Increased acetylcholine content, choline acetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus of SCO-treated mice	[11]
		Neuroprotective	In vivo: oxidative Stress in scopolamine-treated Mice	Attenuated the SCO-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the hippocampus	[11]
		Neuroprotective	In vivo: neuronal apoptosis in SCO-treated mice	Significantly decreased apoptotic activation in hippocampus of SCO-treated mice	[11]
		Anti-Alzheimer’s	In vivo: SCO-induced cognitive deficit mouse model	Significantly attenuated the memory deficits from scopolamine treatment in passive avoidance task and Y-maze test	[11]
		Antioxidant	In vitro: ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging assays	At 100 μg/mL, AALE dose-dependently enhanced scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals by 97% and 82% respectively.	[11]
		Antioxidant	In vitro: ABTS, DPPH and FRAP free radical scavenging assays	ABTS 5.01 TE g−1 DPPH 13.51 TE g−1 14.79 TE g−1	[31]
		Anticancer	In vitro: cytotoxicity HeLa, HepG2 cells	GI50 ~ 2 µg/mL	[31]
		Antinociceptive activity	In vivo: acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin mouse models	AAIW 100 mg/kg inhibited writhing 63.48% FMM 100 mg/kg inhibited pain response 63.48%	[45]
		Anti-inflammatory	In vivo: air pouch mouse model In vivo: carrageenan-induced peritonitis mouse models	100 mg/kg inhibited leukocyte migration in to air-pouch by 73.16% 100 mg/kg inhibited leukocyte migration by 63.85%	[45]
	Methanolic extract	Antibacterial	In vitro: against strains of S. epidermidis, B. cereus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus.	MBC range 3125 to 12,500 µg/mL.	[46]
	Hexane extract	Antioxidant	In vitro: inhibition of β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay	41.12 ± 4.35% inhibition	[46]
Seeds	Ethanolic extract	Anti-angiogenic	In vitro and in vivo models, involving cell proliferation, HUVEC and tumour-induced angiogenesis.	EEAA dose-dependently inhibited HUVEC proliferation at conc. ≥ 100 μg/mL.	[12]
		Anticancer	In vitro: cytotoxicity Hep G2, Hep 2,2,15, KB, CCM2 and CEM cells	Isolated acetogenins ED50 from 2.2 × 10−4 to > 500 µg/mL	[20,44]
		Neurotoxicity	In vitro: LUHMES cells	0.1 µg/mL reduced cell viability to 4.0% ± 0.8%	[50]
	Methanolic	Antioxidant	ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging assays	46.14 ± 1.25 and 4.82 ± 0.32 μmol TE g−1	[47]
		Larvicidal	In vitro: Trichoplusia ni	Topical LC50 197.7 µg/larva Oral LC50 382.4 ppm	[51]
Stem	Ethanolic extract	Antioxidant	In vitro: ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging assays	DPPH; IC50 = 10.44 ± 1.25 µg/mL ABTS; IC50 = 24.81 ± 0.49%	[46]
		Antibacterial	In vitro: against S. epidermidis, B. cereus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus.	MBC range 781–6250 µg/mL.	[46]
Fruits	Ethanolic extract	Hypolipidemic Effect	In vivo: oral administration of extracts to Female KKAy mice (5 weeks of age) fed a high fat diet for 4 weeks	Significantly lowered the plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration at doses of 125 and 500 mg/kg.	[48]
	Ethanolic and hexane extracts	Anti-Obesity Activity	In vitro: 3T3-L1 cell line	50% or more inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.	[49]
	Ethanolic extract	Neurotoxicity	In vitro: LUHMES cells	10 µg/mL decreased cell viability to 12.7% ± 3.7%	[50]

AAIW acetic acid induced writing; Aβ β-amyloid; ABTS 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; AD Alzheimer’s disease; AALE A. atemoya leaf extract; BDNF brain derived neurotropic factor; DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; EEAA ethanol extract A. atemoya; EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor; FMM formalin mouse model; FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant power; GRK2 G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; HUVEC: human umbilical vascular endothelial cells; MBC minimum bactericidal concentration; NeuN neuronal nuclear protein; ROS reactive oxygen species; SCO scopolamine.