Figure 5.

Nanofluidic devices for electrical/electrochemical detection, (a) detection of conductivity on nanochannel surfaces during chemical reaction (adapted with permission from [90]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society), (b) detection of streaming current/potential induced by pressure-driven flow in a nanochannel (adapted with permission from [115]. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society), and (c) detection of electrochemical reaction using electrodes integrated in a nanochannel. (adapted with permission from [120]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society).