Table 1.

Applications of chitosan nanoparticles in drinking water purification and agricultural/industrial wastewater treatment.

Nanoparticles	Targeted Pollutants	Effectiveness and/or Efficiency	Reference
Nanochitosan	Pb(II) in water	Adsorption capacity: 32.26 mg/g at pH 6	[30]
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles	Pb(II) and Cd(II) in wastewater	Adsorption capacity: 79.24 mg/g for Pb(II) and 36.42 mg/g for Cd(II)	[23]
Magnetic chitosan polyelectrolyte nanoparticles	Cd(II) in industrial wastewater	97.5 removal from the original 100 mg/L concentration	[24]
Chitosan nanoparticle	Cr(III) in tannery wastewater	70% removal of chromium in 24 h	[31]
chitosan magnetite nanoparticles	Cr(VI) in wastewater	75–88% removal from the standard 500 mg/L K2Cr2O7 solution	[32]
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles	Cr(VI) in wastewater	Adsorption capacity: 58.14 mg/g at pH 3.0	[33]
chitosan-stabilized Fe/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles	Cr(VI) in different types of water	Removal efficiency: 90% (river water), 85%(tannery water), and 80% (smelting water)	[34]
Chitosan-/PVA-coated magnetic nanoparticles	Cu(II) in wastewater	Adsorption capacity: up to 500 mg/g at pH 5.0	[35]
Chitosan gel nanoparticles	Cu(II) in wastewater	Adsorption capacity: 78–112 mg/L	[36]
Chitosan magnetite nanoparticles	Heavy metals in the water part of the sludge	Adsorption: 20–50% more heavy metals than magnetite	[37]
Chitosan nanoparticles	Eu(III) in water	Adsorption capacity: 114 mg/g, >30 times compared to crab shell particles	[22]
Chitin nanocrystals	Ag(I) in water	27% removal from the original 107.8 mg/L concentration	[38]
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles	Azo dyes in wastewater	94–96% removal at pH 6.0 in 1 h	[39]
Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles	Dyes in wastewater	Adsorption capacity: 82.2 mg/g for removing Bromothymol Blue	[40]
Chitosan-silica nanoparticles with immobilized Cu(II) ions	1,1–dimethyl hydrazine in wastewater	100% degradation of 1,1–dimethyl hydrazine in 10 min	[41]
Chitosan modified multi-wall carbon nanotubes	Phosphate in wastewater	Adsorption capacity: 36.1 mg P/g, and 94–98% of the original efficiency after 5 cycles	[42]
Enzymatic chitosan nanoparticles	Phenols in wastewater	Higher thermostability than free enzyme and same activity	[43]
Highly deacetylated chitosan nanoparticles	Diclofenac and carbamazepine in wastewater	Adsorption capacity: up to 351.8 mg g−1 for diclofenac	[44]
Chitosan−silver Nanoparticles	Bacteria in drinking water	99.99% removal of bacteria in 15 min, and complete removal in 8 h	[45]
Chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles	Various toxic contaminants	Inhibition of biofilm formation	[46]
2(5H)–furanone loaded chitosan nanoparticles	COD* and color in Rice mill wastewater	Better foulant rejection, better removal of COD, and color	[27]
chitosan-doped MIL-100(Fe) nanoparticles	Bacteria in wastewater	higher biofouling resistance of 85% comparedto the original 51%	[47]
Silver-loaded chitosan nanoparticles	Foulants on hollow fiber membranes	Optimal rejection of 89.27 and 86.04% for Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Orange 16	[48]
O-carboxymethyl chitosan-Fe3O4 nanoparticles	Foulants on membranes	Achieving the lowest irreversible fouling resistance of 4.2% at 0.05 wt.%	[28]
chitosan-grafted magnetic nanoparticles	Oil drops in emulsified wastewater	Best flocculation performance at pH 4.0, and reuse up to 7 times	[26]

COD: Chemical oxygen demand.