Table 3.

Use of chitosan nanoparticles with plant essential oils against foodborne pathogens. (MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration, MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration).

Compound	Foodborne Pathogens	Major Method of Analysis	Values	Particle Size (nm)	Reference
CSNPs- lime essential oil (LEO)	S. aureus	Minimum Inhibitory Volume (µL) for CSNPs-LEO:CSNPs	1.25:2.5	4.7 ± 1.2 (CSNPs) 6.1 ± 0.4 (CSNPs-LEO)	[85]
	L. monocytogenes		1.25:1.25
	S. dysenteriae		1.25:1.25
	E. coli		2.5:5
CSnanocapsules(CSNC) – lime essential oil (LEO)	S. aureus	Minimum Inhibitory Volume (µL) for CSNC-LEO:CSNC	5:10	5.8 ± 1.6 (CSNC) 6.1 ± 0.6 (CSNC-LEO)
	L. monocytogenes		5:20
	S. dysenteriae		5:no inhibition
	E. coli		10:no inhibition
Fish gelatin/CSNPs-oregano essential oil bio-nanofilm	S. aureus	Agar diffusion Method (highest effect observed at 1.2 (% w/v) OEO)	26.33 ± 0.57	40–80	[86]
	L. monocytogenes		26.66 ± 1.52
	S. enteritidis		30.33 ± 1.15
	E. coli		33.00 ± 1.00
CSNPs-Cyperus articulatus Essential oil (CPEO) (1: 0.25)	E. coli	MIC (mg/L) vs. MBC (mg/L)	5 vs. 10 (CSNP-CPEO) 40 vs. 80 (CSNPs) 10 vs. 20 (CPEO)	119 (CSNP-CPEO)	[87]
	S. aureus		10 vs. 15 (CSNP-CPEO) 80 vs.160 (CSNPs) 20 vs. 25 (CPEO)
Rosemary extract loaded NPs with CS and ɣ-PGA	B. subtilis	Log reduction of growth in Barley tea (log CFU/mL)	More than 0.5–3.6	200–600	[88]
Rosemary essential oil encapsulated in CS-Benzoic acid nanogel	S. aureus	MIC (µg/mL)	40	Less than 100	[89]
Cardamom oil (CDEO) loaded CSNPs	E. coli (ESBL positive)	OD based micro-dilution broth assays	CDEO –CSNPs Maintained antimicrobial effect for 7 days against both pathogens. CSNPs alone was effective only for 48 h.	50–100	[90]
	S. aureus (Methicillin- resistant)
Clove essential oil (CEO) loaded CSNPs	L. monocytogenes	Minimum inhibitory volume (µL) CEO-CSNPs: CEO: CSNPs	2:2:8	223–444	[91]
	E. coli		2:4:8
	S. aureus		2:2:8
	S. typhi		2:2:8