Table 1.
Characteristics of 52 Patients With COVID-19 Infection According to Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary PET/CT Imaging Findings
| Patient No./Sex/Age (y) | First Author | Country | Cancer Disease | Radiotracer Type | Extrapulmonary Findings (PET/CT Scan) | Pulmonary Findings (PET/CT Scan) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1/F/65 | Castanheira19 | Portugal | Breast cancer | 18F-FDG | Ipsilateral hilar and subcarinal FDG-avid (SUVmax range: 4-5) LN | Unilateral and peripheral GGOs, Rt. Lower lobe interlobular thickening |
| P2/M/57 | Li20 | China | NR | 18F-FDG | Normal-sized LN in the mediastinum but with increased metabolic activity | Focal GGOs and bandlike opacities in both lungs without increased metabolic activity |
| P3/F/58 | Amin12 | Canada | Hodgkin's lymphoma | 18F-FDG | NR | Multifocal and bilateral peripheral GGOs, moderate18F-FDG activity (SUVmax:4.5) in Lt. lower lobe |
| P4/F/56 | Doroudinia13 | Iran | NR | 18F-FDG | NR | Bilateral and diffuse GGOs with increased metabolic activity, few bilateral hypermetabolic nodules |
| P5/M/60 | Mo21 | USA | SCC of tonsil | 18F-FDG | Foci of hilar and mediastinal FDG avidity | Irregular bilateral GGOs |
| P6/M/55 | Loforte22 | Italy | NR | 18F-FDG | NR | Multilobular and subpleural GGOs and consolidation in Rt. and Lt. inferior lobes (SUVmax:10.3-10.6) |
| P7/M/75 | Kamani23 | Switzerland | NR | 18F-FDG | Hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy in the Rt. lower paratracheal, subcarinal, and bilateral hilar stations (SUVmax:6.1) | Bilateral, hypermetabolic (SUVmax:7.6) focal GGOs with partial consolidation |
| P8/M/37 | Liu24 | China | NR | 18F-FDG | NR | Multiple bilateral 18F-FDG uptake, GGOs: at apical segment of left and right upper lobes and posterior segment of Lt. upper lobe |
| P9/M/57 | Qin25 | China | NR | 18F-FDG | NR | Peripheral GGOs with increased 18F-FDG uptake (SUVmax range:2.2-4.6) in Rt. upper lung |
| P10/M/56 | Qin25 | China | NR | 18F-FDG | Multiple FDG-avid LN in the mediastinum and the subclavian region (SUVmax range: 4.1-7.0) | Multiple FDG-positive GGOs (SUVmax range:7.9-18) in both lungs |
| P11/F/61 | Qin25 | China | NR | 18F-FDG | Multiple FDG-positive LN in the mediastinum and the Rt. subclavian region (SUVmax range: 3.4-5.4) | Multiple peripheral FDG-avid GGOs (SUVmax range: 3.7-12.2) in Rt. lung |
| P12/F/48 | Qin25 | China | NR | 18F-FDG | Multiple FDG-positive LN in the mediastinum and Rt. hilar region (SUVmax range: 3.8-5.5) | Peripheral FDG-avid GGOs (SUVmax range: 3.7-9.3) with bilateral interlobular septal thickening |
| P13/NR/53 | Czernin26 | Germany | Pancreatic cancer (NET) | 18F-FDG | NR | Hypermetabolic area in Rt. upper and lower lobe (SUVmax: 5.5) |
| P14/F/56 | Albano27 | Italy | Rectal cancer | 18F-FDG | NR | Bilateral 18F-FGD-positive GGOs and consolidation, most pronounced in the inferior lobes |
| P15/M/77 | Albano27 | Italy | Laryngeal cancer | 18F-FDG | NR | Bilateral faint 18F-FDG uptake in GGOs (not suggestive of aspiration) |
| P16/F/55 | Albano27 | Italy | Breast cancer (invasive ductal) | 18F-FDG | NR | Retrosternal 18F-FDG-avid nodal relapse, GGOs in the posterior segments of the inferior lung lobes |
| P17/F/55 | Albano27 | Italy | Hodgkin's lymphoma | 18F-FDG | Metabolically active lymphoma in the axillary LN | New interstitial opacities near the pleura of the Rt. lung |
| P18/M/65 | Albano27 | Italy | Laryngeal cancer | 18F-FDG | NR | Several GGOs with increased FDG uptake (SUVmax: 5.3) in Rt. lung |
| P19/F/65 | Albano27 | Italy | Ovarian cancer | 18F-FDG | 18F-FDG-avid mediastinal LN | Consolidative areas in both lungs with increased 18F-FDG uptake |
| P20/F/79 | Albano27 | Italy | Thyroid carcinoma (poorly differentiated) | 18F-FDG | NR | New diffuse interstitial pneumonia with peripheral GGOs |
| P21/M/75 | Sherman28 | USA | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | 18F-FDG | FDG-avid thoracic LN | Bilateral FDG-avid peripheral GGOs, multilobar consolidations |
| P22/NR/NR | Savelli17 | Italy | Prostate adenocarcinoma | 18F-choline | ageusia-dysgeusia and anosmia | Multiple irregular foci of increased FDG uptake |
| P23/M/73 | Polverari29 | Italy | NSCLC | 18F-FDG | Increased 18F-FDG uptake involving the Rt. lower paratracheal LN (SUVmax: 5.6) | Bilateral diffuse and intense FDG uptake (SUVmax: 5.9) in Rt. the lower and Lt. lower lobe (SUVmax: 7.9) |
| P24/M/82 | Amini30 | Iran | Colon cancer (adenocarcinoma) | 18F-FDG | Hypermetabolic mediastinal LN (SUVmax:4.5) | FDG activity in the Lt. lung (SUVmax range:1.5-8.6) and in the Rt. lung (SUV max range: 1.2-8.3) |
| P25/M/59 | Reed-Embleton31 | UK | Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | 18F-FDG | NR | FDG-avid prominently bilateral and peripheral GGOs in upper and lower lobes |
| P26/F/56 | Chuang32 | USA | SCC | 18F-FDG | NR | New bilateral multifocal hypermetabolic GGOs |
| P27/M/59 | Olivari33 | Italy | Recurrent prostate cancer | 18F-choline | NR | Bilateral subsegmental peripheral GGOs with increased choline uptake (SUV max range: 3–4) |
| P28/F/45 | Setti34 | Italy | Colon cancer | 18F-FDG | Modest mediastinal LN uptake | Consolidative opacities |
| P29/M/67 | Setti34 | Italy | Rectal cancer (adenocarcinoma) | 18F-FDG | NR | GGOs |
| P30/F/44 | Setti34 | Italy | Salivary gland carcinoma | 18F-FDG | Faint mediastinal LN uptake | Consolidative opacities and GGOs |
| P31/F/56 | Setti34 | Italy | Ovarian carcinoma (clear cell) | 18F-FDG | NR | GGOs |
| P32/M/70 | Setti34 | Italy | SCC of lung | 18F-FDG | NR | GGOs |
| P33/M/78 | Zanoni35 | Italy | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | 18F-FDG | Multiple FDG avid Lymphadenopathy above and below the diaphragm | Faint and diffuse uptake within a Lt. inferior lobe consolidation and a single non-FDG-avid peripheral rounded GGOs in the Rt. upper lobe |
| P34/F/27 | Karimi- Galougahi18 | Iran | NR | 18F-FDG | Lt. orbitofrontal cortex hypometabolism asymmetric confirmed to the lateral side. (SUVmax of 9.5 on the left cortex compared to 10 on the contralateral side) | NR |
| P35/M/73 | Kirienko36 | Italy | Vascular tumor of retroperitoneum | 18F-FDG | NR | Increased FDG uptake in the lungs |
| P36/F/52 | Playe37 | France | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (MCL) | 18F-FDG | Thoracic and subdiaphragmatic LN involvement with high FDG uptake (SUVmax:8.7) | Bilateral GGOs and curvilinear opacities, with predominance in the posterior subpleural areas associated with a moderate FDG uptake (SUVmax: 4) |
| P37/M/54 | Colandrea38 | Italy | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | 18F-FDG | Multiple FDG-avid LN in mediastinum and Lt. subclavian region | Intense 18F-FDG uptake on multiple bilateral subsegmental peripheral patchy GGOs with obscure boundaries and mainly subpleural distribution and areas of focal consolidation in the upper lobes |
| P38/M/61 | Colandrea38 | Italy | Lung and brain tumors (unknown origin) | 18F-FDG | Multiple FDG-positive areas in mediastinal, subcarinal and hilar LN | Intense 18F-FDG uptake on multiple peripheral GGOs in the Lt. lower lobe and areas of focal consolidation in the upper lobes |
| P39/M/48 | Colandrea38 | Italy | Lung cancer (stage IV) | 18F-FDG | Radiotracer uptake in the treated LN, due to the recent radiotherapy | Intense FDG uptake in a focal consolidation in the upper Lt. lobe, multiple peripheral GGOs with interstitial thickening and thin fibrous stripes in the Lt. lower lobe |
| P40/M/54 | Colandrea38 | Italy | Cheek melanoma | 18F-FDG | NR | Intense uptake of subpleural pseudo nodular thickenings in the Rt. lower lobe, multiple small subpleural GGOs and opacities bilaterally without18F-FDG uptake |
| P41/NR/NR | Colandrea38 | Italy | Tongue carcinoma | 18F-FDG | Focal FDG-positive area in Rt. hilar LN | Intense 18F-FDG uptake on multiple peripheral GGOs in both lower lobes and area of focal consolidation in the Rt. upper lobe |
| P42/M/80 | Scarlattei39 | Italy | Solid lung nodule | 18F-FDG | Active tracer uptake in Rt. hilar LN (SUVmax:2.5) | Increased tracer uptake (SUVmax: 2.6) corresponding to GGOs in the superior segment of the Lt. lobe with bronchovascular thickening showing mild tracer uptake (SUVmax: 2.5) |
| P43/F/57 | Scarlattei39 | Italy | Breast cancer (intraductal) | 18F-FDG | High intensity of tracer uptake in mediastinal, hilar, and carinal LN (SUVmax: 7) | Intense and diffuse uptake (SUVmax range in the Rt. Lung: 2.2-7.7; SUVmax range in the Lt. lung: 2.7-9.1) in both lungs corresponding to GGOs on CT images |
| P44/M/65 | Scarlattei39 | Italy | Prostate cancer (adenocarcinoma) | 68Ga-PSMA | NR | Mild tracer uptake (SUVmax: 3.2) in the subpleural region of both lungs, with greater extent in the Rt. lung, corresponding to CT findings of subpleural GGOs in the dependent lung |
| P45/M/70 | Scarlattei39 | Italy | Prostate cancer (adenocarcinoma) | 18F-choline | Focal tracer uptake in a hilar, carinal, and peribranchial LN (SUVmax: 3.4) | Mild focal tracer uptake (SUVmax: 3.8) in the subpleural region of both lungs and single GGOs localized in the middle lobe of the right lung |
| P46/F/57 | Scarlattei39 | Italy | Focal Splenic lesions | 18F-FDG | NR | Intense/moderate uptake (SUVmax range: 4.6-3.7) in the bilateral subpleural regions corresponding to CT findings of GGOs in the posterior segments |
| P47/NR/NR | Ajuria-Illarramendi40 | Spain | Lung cancer | 18F-FDG | NR | Heterogeneous GGOs with air bronchogram in the superior segment of the Rt. lower lobe with mild diffuse metabolic uptake (SUVmax: 3.9) |
| P48/NR/NR | Ajuria-Illarramendi40 | Spain | Lung cancer | 18F-FDG | NR | Paramedial consolidation and thickened interlobular septa in the Rt. lower lobe with high focal 18F-FDG avidity (SUVmax: 5.3) |
| P49/NR/NR | Ajuria-Illarramendi40 | Spain | Lung cancer | 18F-FDG | NR | Bibasilar opacities and fibrotic stripes with heterogeneous high metabolic activity (SUVmax:5) |
| P50/M/67 | Martineau41 | Canada | Lung cancer (adenocarcinoma) | 18F-FDG | Bilateral, hypermetabolic mediastinal lymphadenopathy, suggestive of reactive LN than metastatic disease | Relatively intense uptake (SUVs range:5.0-7.2) in the peripheral opacities |
| P51/M/55 | Zou16 | China | Suspect hilar malignancy | 18F-FDG | Increased FDG uptake of the Rt. paratracheal and Rt. hilar LN as well as bone marrow | FDG-avid mass (SUVmax:4.9) in the Rt. Lung. The GGOs with areas of focal consolidation primarily in the Rt. upper lobe and focal opacities in the Lt. upper and Rt. middle lobes |
| P52/M/87 | Krebs42 | USA | Primary salivary duct carcinoma | 18F-FDG | NR | Multiple areas of FDG-avid GGOs and patchy opacities with interlobular septal thickening in both lungs |
GGOs, ground-glass opacities; LN, lymph node; Lt., left; MCL, mantle cell lymphoma; NET, neuroendocrine tumor; NR, not reported; NSCLC, non–small-cell lung cancer; Rt., right; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SUV, standardized uptake values (all reported based on g/mL).