Exhibit 3.

Staff Shortages by Facility Characteristics

	Data Reporting Period: 5/18/20–6/14/20		Data Reporting Period: 6/24/20–7/19/20
Facility Characteristic	Unadjusted %	Adjusted Difference (percent points)	Unadjusted %	Adjusted Difference (percent points)
Profit Status
Non-Profit	19.4	Ref	19.6	Ref
Government Owned	24.5	4.7***	25.5	3.9**
For Profit	20.9	0.8	22.4	1.000
Bed Size
1–50 Beds	19.9	Ref	19.6	Ref
51–100	20.7	−0.9	22.3	−0.2
101–150	20.9	−1.7	23.0	−1
151–200	21.1	−2.6	21.3	−2.1
200+	22.4	−4.1**	20.5	−3.4
Part of Chain
No	21.3	Ref	22.4	Ref
Yes	20.7	−1.4	21.9	−2.5***
% Revenue from Medicaid (quartiles)
1 (lowest)	17.2	Ref	17.8	Ref
2	20.0	0.9	22.1	2.1**
3	22.1	3.1***	22.9	2.8***
4 (Highest)	24.5	5.2***	25.5	5.1***
% of Residents who are non-white (quartiles)
1 (lowest)	21.3	Ref	21.7	Ref
2	20.9	0.2	22.3	0.5
3	21.1	0.6	22.5	−0.5
4 (Highest)	21.3	1.1	22.9	0.3
5-star Overall Quality Score
1	27.1	Ref	28.9	Ref
2	23.5	−1.9	24.9	−1.9
3	20.3	−4.8***	21.8	−4.6***
4	19.1	−5.4***	20.2	−5.6***
5	16.3	−6.4***	16.3	−7.5***
5-star Staffing Score
1 (lowest)	27.2	Ref	29.5	Ref
2	21.9	−2.3	23.1	−2
3	19.7	−2.3	20.4	−2.4
4	19.3	−2.8	20.3	−2.5
5	17.0	−5.7***	17.2	−5.4***
County COVID-19 New Case Rate
1 (lowest)	22.6	Ref	20.1	Ref
2	20.5	−1.0	21.1	−1.5
3	19.9	−2.1**	23.1	1.0
4 (Highest)	20.1	−1.0	23.4	0.8
Any COVID-19+ Residents
No	19.4	Ref	21.1	Ref
Yes	22.0	2.2***	22.4	1.2
Any COVID-19+ staff
No	19.0	Ref	19.5	Ref
Yes	21.9	1.9**	22.5	3.8***

Source- Author’s calculations using CMS COVID-19 Nursing Home Data.

Notes- Adjusted differences were calculated using linear regression models that included all characteristics listed in Exhibit 3 in addition to state fixed effects. Missing information for any of the facility characteristics was captured with a missing category not reported here. Refer to Appendix Exhibit A3 for full regression results.

^**P≤0.05;

^***P≤0.01