Fig. 1.

Model for the induction of a transcriptional starvation response in combined absence of anticodon loop modifications. tRNA^Lys_UUU is depicted with modified positions (indicated in red). In combined elp3 tcd1 or urm1 tcd1 mutants, anticodon loop modifications mcm⁵s²U and ct⁶A are missing (indicated in grey), causing decreased decoding efficiency of cognate AAA (Lys) codons. Multiple mechanisms are discussed how such decoding defect may cause accumulation of cellular protein aggregates. New results suggest that protein aggregates are involved in triggering a subsequent transcriptional response reminiscent of nutrient starvation