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. 2020 Oct 30;10:19088. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75736-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Images showing the influence of anisotropy on the seawater wedge geometry after reducing groundwater throughflow to match hydraulic heads. The differences between the resulting seawater wedge geometry is minor. For example, the wedge geometry from the lowest flowrate (0.69 ML/year) with anisotropic angle of 25° (Panel D) is similar to the wedge geometry at high 2 ML/year with an angle of 0° (Panel A). Lower anisotropic angles result in a wider zone of submarine groundwater discharge. This figure highlights the fact that knowing the seawater wedge position alone is not an indicator for groundwater throughflow. There is a clear need for better constraints on hydraulic parameters to understand the seawater interface in these coastal aquifers.