TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Sample by Food Security Status (January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2017)
| Variable | Overall Children | FS | HFI/Child Secure | HFI/CFI | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, N (%) | 28 184 (100) | 20 487 (72.7) | 3954 (14.0) | 3743 (13.3) | — |
| Site, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Baltimore | 5073 (18.0) | 3965 (19.4) | 642 (16.2) | 466 (12.4) | — |
| Boston | 5648 (20.0) | 3682 (18.0) | 948 (24.0) | 1018 (27.2) | — |
| Little Rock | 6114 (21.7) | 4629 (22.6) | 774 (19.6) | 711 (19.0) | — |
| Minneapolis | 4814 (17.1) | 2983 (14.6) | 838 (21.2) | 993 (26.5) | — |
| Philadelphia | 6535 (23.2) | 5228 (25.5) | 752 (19.0) | 555 (14.8) | — |
| Mothers’ place of birth, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| US born | 21 051 (74.8) | 16 067 (78.5) | 2766 (70.1) | 2218 (59.3) | — |
| Immigrant | 7099 (25.2) | 4395 (21.5) | 1181 (29.9) | 1523 (40.7) | — |
| Child sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 13 107 (46.5) | 9517 (46.5) | 1869 (47.3) | 1721 (46.0) | .5055 |
| Male | 15 077 (53.5) | 10970 (53.5) | 2085 (52.7) | 2022 (54.0) | — |
| Child age, mo | <.0001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 18.5 (13.3) | 18.1 (13.2) | 18.9 (13.6) | 20.5 (13.5) | — |
| Median (25th, 75th %) | 16.4 (7, 28) | 15.9 (7, 28) | 16.6 (7, 30) | 19.2 (9, 31) | — |
| Mother ethnicity, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Hispanic | 9345 (33.5) | 6204 (30.6) | 1511 (38.5) | 1630 (44.1) | — |
| African American non-Hispanic | 13 826 (49.5) | 10 582 (52.1) | 1744 (44.5) | 1500 (40.6) | — |
| White non-Hispanic | 3799 (13.6) | 2842 (14.0) | 525 (13.4) | 432 (11.7) | — |
| Other | 950 (3.4) | 673 (3.3) | 140 (3.6) | 137 (3.7) | — |
| Married or partnered, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 18 801 (66.8) | 13 811 (67.5) | 2684 (67.9) | 2306 (61.7) | — |
| Yes | 9344 (33.2) | 6644 (32.5) | 1268 (32.1) | 1432 (38.3) | — |
| Maternal education, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Never, elementary, or some high school | 7420 (26.4) | 4978 (24.3) | 1206 (30.5) | 1236 (33.1) | — |
| High school | 11 131 (39.6) | 8306 (40.6) | 1473 (37.3) | 1352 (36.3) | — |
| Technical school, college, master’s degree | 9582 (34.1) | 7171 (35.1) | 1270 (32.2) | 1141 (30.6) | — |
| Mothers | <.0001 | ||||
| N | 28 080 | 20 415 | 3945 | 3720 | — |
| Age, mean (SD) | 27.0 (5.9) | 26.5 (5.8) | 27.5 (6.2) | 28.8 (6.2) | — |
| Age, median (25th, 75th %) | 26.0 (22, 31) | 25.0 (22, 30) | 26.0 (23, 32) | 28.0 (24, 33) | — |
| Maternal BMI | <.0001 | ||||
| N | 22 351 | 16 486 | 3153 | 2712 | — |
| Mean (SD) | 27.5 (5.3) | 27.3 (5.3) | 27.9 (5.3) | 27.9 (5.3) | — |
| Median (25th, 75th %) | 27.0 (23, 31) | 26.6 (23, 31) | 27.5 (24, 32) | 27.8 (24, 32) | — |
| Maternal BMI category, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 514 (2.3) | 400 (2.5) | 60 (1.9) | 54 (2.0) | — |
| Healthy wt (18.5–24.9) | 7376 (33.4) | 5628 (34.5) | 942 (30.2) | 806 (30.0) | — |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 7067 (32.0) | 5225 (32.0) | 981 (31.5) | 861 (32.0) | — |
| Obesity (≥30) | 7157 (32.4) | 5059 (31.0) | 1132 (36.3) | 966 (36.0) | — |
| Mother employed, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 16 584 (58.9) | 11 727 (57.3) | 2427 (61.5) | 2430 (65.0) | — |
| Yes | 11 557 (41.1) | 8729 (42.7) | 1522 (38.5) | 1306 (35.0) | — |
| Child breastfed, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 10 146 (36.0) | 7861 (38.4) | 1272 (32.2) | 1013 (27.1) | — |
| Yes | 18 022 (64.0) | 12615 (61.6) | 2682 (67.8) | 2725 (72.9) | — |
| Depression, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 21 653 (76.9) | 16 830 (82.3) | 2593 (65.6) | 2230 (59.6) | — |
| Yes | 6494 (23.1) | 3622 (17.7) | 1360 (34.4) | 1512 (40.4) | — |
| SNAP, n (%) | .0004 | ||||
| No | 9889 (35.3) | 7086 (34.9) | 1382 (35.2) | 1421 (38.2) | — |
| Yes | 18 089 (64.7) | 13 242 (65.1) | 2548 (64.8) | 2299 (61.8) | — |
| WIC, n (%) | .1689 | ||||
| No | 6822 (24.4) | 5019 (24.6) | 930 (23.7) | 873 (23.5) | — |
| Yes | 21 194 (75.6) | 15 346 (75.4) | 3001 (76.3) | 2847 (76.5) | — |
| Current subsidized housing, n (%) | .2748 | ||||
| No | 22 869 (81.1) | 16 669 (81.4) | 3192 (80.7) | 3008 (80.4) | — |
| Yes | 5315 (18.9) | 3818 (18.6) | 762 (19.3) | 735 (19.6) | — |
| LIHEAP, n (%) | .8363 | ||||
| No | 20 685 (83.5) | 14 919 (83.4) | 2944 (83.6) | 2822 (83.8) | — |
| Yes | 4102 (16.5) | 2976 (16.6) | 579 (16.4) | 547 (16.2) | — |
| TANF, n (%) | .0007 | ||||
| No | 21 347 (76.1) | 15 619 (76.7) | 2919 (74.0) | 2809 (75.2) | — |
| Yes | 6705 (23.9) | 4755 (23.3) | 1026 (26.0) | 924 (24.8) | — |
| Low birth wt, n (%) | .0716 | ||||
| No | 23 903 (86.0) | 17 392 (85.9) | 3327 (85.1) | 3184 (86.9) | — |
| Yes | 3906 (14.0) | 2844 (14.1) | 583 (14.9) | 479 (13.1) | — |
| Wt-age >90th %, n (%) | .6207 | ||||
| No | 23 771 (84.3) | 17 305 (84.5) | 3318 (83.9) | 3148 (84.1) | — |
| Yes | 4413 (15.7) | 3182 (15.5) | 636 (16.1) | 595 (15.9) | — |
| Wt-age <5th %, n (%) | .4861 | ||||
| No | 25 820 (91.6) | 18 778 (91.7) | 3604 (91.1) | 3438 (91.9) | — |
| Yes | 2364 (8.4) | 1709 (8.3) | 350 (8.9) | 305 (8.1) | — |
| Height-age <5th %, n (%) | .3436 | ||||
| No | 13 845 (87.7) | 9899 (87.5) | 1986 (87.5) | 1960 (88.6) | — |
| Yes | 1949 (12.3) | 1413 (12.5) | 284 (12.5) | 252 (11.4) | — |
| Fair or poor child health, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 25 076 (89.1) | 18 496 (90.4) | 3421 (86.7) | 3159 (84.6) | — |
| Yes | 3071 (10.9) | 1967 (9.6) | 527 (13.3) | 577 (15.4) | — |
| Developmental risk, n (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 20 949 (88.5) | 15 221 (89.1) | 2916 (87.5) | 2812 (86.0) | — |
| Yes | 2729 (11.5) | 1856 (10.9) | 417 (12.5) | 456 (14.0) | — |
LIHEAP, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program; TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; —, not applicable.
a
χ2 testing was used for categorical variables and analysis of variance was used for continuous variables.