Table 1.
Comparisons of participants’ sociodemographic and clinical data among the four groups (n = 81).
| Sociodemographic and Clinical Data | AEW Group (n = 20), n (%) |
Walking Group (n = 20), n (%) |
AEW and Walking Group (n = 20), n (%) | Control Group (n = 21), n (%) |
p Value (x2) a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), (mean, SD) | 57.50 (5.48) | 54.70 (4.87) | 56.15 (4.96) | 55.71 (4.97) | 0.359 (1.089) b |
| Diabetes duration (years), (mean, SD) | 4.30 (1.87) | 4.25 (1.62) | 4.20 (1.51) | 4.19 (1.54) | 0.996 (0.019) b |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 11 (55.0) | 13 (65.0) | 13 (65.0) | 13 (61.9) | 0.904 (0.565) |
| Male | 9 (45.0) | 7 (35.0) | 7 (35.0) | 8 (38.1) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 11 (55.0) | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | 13 (61.9) | 0.754 (1.194) |
| Non-married | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | 9 (45.0) | 8 (38.1) | |
| Income (IDR) | |||||
| Low income | 8 (40.0) | 10 (50.0) | 10 (50.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.749 (1.216) |
| High income | 12 (60.0) | 10 (50.0) | 10 (50.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Education | |||||
| ISCED < 3 | 9 (45.0) | 8 (40.0) | 9 (45.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.723 (1.325) |
| ISCED ≥ 3 | 11 (55.0) | 12 (60.0) | 11 (55.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Smoker | 7 (35.0) | 5 (25.0) | 6 (30.0) | 7 (33.3) | 0.961 (1.484) |
| Secondhand smoking | 7 (35.0) | 9 (45.0) | 10 (50.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Non-smoker | 6 (30.0) | 6 (30.0) | 4 (20.0) | 5 (23.8) | |
| DASS-21 stress | |||||
| Yes (≥15 score) | 12 (60.0) | 12 (60.0) | 11 (55.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.986 (0.146) |
| No (<15 score) | 8 (40.0) | 8 (40.0) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| DASS-21 anxiety | |||||
| Yes (≥8 score) | 11 (55.0) | 11 (55.0) | 11 (55.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.999 (0.029) |
| No (<8 score) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| DASS-21 depression | |||||
| Yes (≥10 score) | 12 (60.0) | 10 (50.0) | 11 (55.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.933 (0.434) |
| No (<10 score) | 8 (40.0) | 10 (50.0) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Carbohydrate consumption score | |||||
| <17 | 10 (50.0) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (45.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.846 (0.816) |
| ≥17 | 10 (50.0) | 11 (55.0) | 11 (55.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Protein consumption score | |||||
| <18 | 10 (50.0) | 8 (40.0) | 8 (40.0) | 11 (52.4) | 0.789 (1.051) |
| ≥18 | 10 (50.0) | 12 (60.0) | 12 (60.0) | 10 (47.6) | |
| Fat consumption score | |||||
| <20 | 10 (50.0) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (45.0) | 10 (47.6) | 0.987 (0.140) |
| ≥20 | 10 (50.0) | 11 (55.0) | 11 (55.0) | 11 (52.4) | |
| Fast food consumption score | |||||
| <9 | 12 (60.0) | 8 (40.0) | 7 (35.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.293 (3.723) |
| ≥ 9 | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) | 13 (65.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Fiber consumption score | |||||
| ≥2 | 9 (45.0) | 7 (35.0) | 8 (40.0) | 12 (57.1) | 0.521 (2.256) |
| <2 | 11 (55.0) | 13 (65.0) | 12 (60.0) | 9 (42.9) |
Note—n: number, AEW: alkaline electrolyzed water, SD: standard deviation, IDR: Indonesian rupiah rate, ISCED: international standard classification of education, DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale—21 items. a Chi-square statistics, with the x2-value in the bracket behind p-value. b Analysis of variance, with the F-value in the bracket behind p-value.