Table 3.
Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers before and after the intervention in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 81).
| Variables | AEW Group (n = 20), Mean (SD) | Walking Group (n = 20), mean (SD) | AEW and Walking Group (n = 20), Mean (SD) | Control Group (n = 21), Mean (SD) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 8-Week | Diff (95% CI), p Value | Baseline | 8-Week | Diff (95% CI), p Value | Baseline | 8-Week | Diff (95% CI), p Value | Baseline | 8-Week | Diff (95% CI), p Value | |
| AOPPs (ng/ml) | 0.38 (0.57) |
0.28 (0.47) |
−0.101 (−0.151~−0.045) ** |
0.35 (0.43) |
0.26 (0.32) |
−0.089 (−0.145~−0.322) ** |
0.53 (0.70) |
0.30 (0.42) |
−0.225 (−0.369~−0.080) ** |
0.44 (0.65) |
0.54 (0.67) |
0.83 (0.001~0.165) * |
| AGEs (ng/L) | 0.35 (0.54) |
0.27 (0.47) |
−0.077 (−0.121~−0.029) ** |
0.27 (0.32) |
0.20 (0.26) |
−0.072 (−0.110~−0.034) ** |
0.46 (0.59) |
0.28 (0.37) |
−0.180 (−0.287~−0.073) ** |
0.39 (0.58) |
0.60 (0.80) |
0.218 (0.101~0.335) ** |
| MDA (nmol/ml) | 0.77 (0.42) |
0.46 (0.41) |
−0.312 (−0.352~−0.272) ** |
0.85 (0.69) |
0.53 (0.58) |
−0.321 (−0.386~−0.256) ** |
0.97 (0.67) |
0.47 (0.45) |
−0.499 (−0.628~−0.370) ** |
0.96 (0.62) |
1.21 (0.75) |
0.253 (0.154~0.351) ** |
| FBG (mg/dl) | 298.95 (48.84) |
278.00 (49.03) |
−20.950 (−24.470~−17.430) ** |
303.95 (67.95) |
288.00 (67.70) |
−15.950 (−16.637~−15.263) ** |
324.60 (59.63) |
297.85 (58.89) |
−26.750 (−27.697~−25.803) ** |
287.24 (80.43) |
331.19 (124.16) |
43.952 (−5.688~93.592) |
| WBCs (103/µL) | 7.92 (0.51) |
5.70 (0.51) |
−2.220 (−2.473~−1.966) ** |
8.19 (0.44) |
6.34 (0.55) |
−1.855 (−2.064~−1.645) ** |
8.48 (0.93) |
5.86 (0.78) |
−2.620 (−2.832~−2.407) ** |
8.19 (1.16) |
8.42 (1.12) |
0.233 (0.121~0.346) ** |
| NLR | 2.63 (0.22) |
1.39 (0.29) |
−1.235 (−1.297~−1.173) ** |
2.55 (0.18) |
1.36 (0.18) |
−1.193 (−1.200~−1.186) ** |
2.61 (0.22) |
1.21 (0.16) |
−1.392 (−1.437~−1.347) ** |
2.62 (0.23) |
3.09 (0.30) |
0.471 (0.329~0.612) ** |
Note—n: number, SD: standard deviation, Diff: difference between after and before, CI: confidence interval, AEW: alkaline electrolyzed water, AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products, AGEs: advanced glycation end products, MDA: malondialdehyde, FBG: fasting blood glucose, WBCs: white blood cells, NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001.