Table 5.
Evaluation of the intervention on T2DM-associated inflammatory biomarkers based on a general estimating equation analysis (n = 81).
| Variable | Within-time Ref: Baseline ß (95% CI), p Value |
Between Group | Interaction Group (AEW) × Time, Ref: (CG) × Time ß (95% CI), p Value |
Interaction Group (Walking) × Time, Ref: (CG) × Time ß (95% CI), p Value |
Interaction Group (both AEW and Walking) × Time, Ref: (CG) × Time ß (95% CI), p Value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AEW vs. CG ß (95% CI), p Value |
Walking vs. CG ß (95% CI), p Value |
AWE and Walking vs. CG ß (95% CI), p Value |
|||||
| AOPPs (ng/ml) | 0.081 (−0.020~0.182) |
−0.017 (−0.392~0.359) |
−0.151 (−0.482~0.181) |
0.020 (−0.355~0.395) |
−0.185 (−0.302~−0.068) * |
−0.184 (−0.313~−0.055) * |
−0.264 (−0.454~0.074) * |
| AGEs (ng/L) | 0.214 (0.094~0.333) ** |
0.006 (−0.338~0.350) |
−0.157 (−0.444~0.130) |
0.028 (−0.305~0.362) |
−0.298 (−0.433~−0.163) ** |
−0.304 (−0.445~−0.163) ** |
−0.364 (−0.546~−0.182) ** |
| MDA (nmol/ml) | 0.253 (0.144~0.362) ** |
−0.138 (−0.467~0.191) |
−0.152 (−0.524~0.220) |
−0.040 (−0.400~0.321) |
−0.566 (−0.691~−0.440) ** |
−0.579 (−0.727~−0.431) ** |
−0.716 (−0.909~−0.524) ** |
| FBG (mg/dl) | 36.878 (−2.639~76.396) |
10.640 (−15.734~37.013) |
3.200 (−21.894~28.294) |
20.499 (−10.877~51.874) |
−54.583 (−96.085~−13.080) * |
−49.680 (−92.196~−13.080) * |
−57.223 (−99.111~−7.163) * |
| WBCs (103/µL) | 0.234 (0.098~0.369) ** |
−0.395 (−0.977~0.187) |
−0.032 (−0.601~0.538) |
0.269 (−0.404~0.941) |
−2.406 (−2.687~−2.125) ** |
−2.020 (−2.289~−1.752) ** |
−2.833 (−3.119~−2.547) ** |
| NLR | 0.440 (0.353~0.526) ** |
0.025 (−0.101~0.152) |
−0.091 (−0.221~0.039) |
−0.034 (−0.163~0.095) |
−1.666 (−1.771~−1.560) ** |
−1.623 (−1.713~−1.533) ** |
−1.798 (−1.897~−1.897) ** |
Note—n: number of participants, ß: regression coefficient, CI: confidence interval, AEW: alkaline electrolyzed water, CG: control group, AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products, AGEs: advanced glycation end products, MDA: malondialdehyde, FBG: fasting blood glucose, WBCs: white blood cells, NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. ß values and 95% CIs were estimated using generalized estimating equations after adjusting for stress, anxiety and depression levels, and carbohydrate, protein, fat, fast food and fiber consumption scores with * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001.