AGE	advanced glycation end product
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
ARE	antioxidant response elements
α-SMA	smooth muscle α-actin
ATF	activating transcription factor
BMPs	bone morphogenetic proteins
CHOP	CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
CKD	chronic kidney disease
COPD	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
eIF2α	eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
eNOS	endothelial NO synthase
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
Ero1	ER oxidoreductin 1
Fzd	Frizzled
Gpx	glutathione peroxidase
HIF	hypoxia inducible factor
HIF-1α	hypoxia inducible factor alpha subunit
HREs	hypoxia response elements
IκB	inhibitor of κB
IKK	IκB kinase
IL-1β	interleukin-1 beta
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
LEF	lymphoid enhancer factor
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
Msx	muscle segment homeobox homolog
Nox	NADPH oxidase
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
OCN	osteocalcin
8-OHdG	8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine
oxLDL	oxidized low-density lipoprotein
P	phosphate
PERK	pancreatic ER kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase
PHDs	prolyl hydroxylase enzymes
Pi	inorganic phosphate
Pit1	type III sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter 1
PPi	pyrophosphate
Prdx	peroxiredoxin
RAGE	receptor for AGEs
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SOD	superoxide dismutase
Sox9	Sry-related HMG box-9
TCF	T cell transcription factor
TGF-β	transforming growth factor beta
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
UPR	unfolded protein response
VSMCs	vascular smooth muscle cells
Wnt	wingless/mouse mammary tumor virus integration site
XBP1	X box-binding protein 1