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Outline of the experimental protocol. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly classified into three groups of 10 rats each. (A) Control group, (B) model (VDN) group, rats were intragastric administrated with 25 mg/kg BW in 5 mL corn oil of nicotine plus intramuscular injection of vitamin D3 (3 × 105 IU/kg BW), and (C) treatment (VDN + XN) group, rats were orally treated with 20 mg/L in 0.1% ethanol for four weeks in drinking water.
