Table 1.
Methods used for biomechanical risk assessment.
| Method | Work Activity | Body Part Assessment | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Revised NIOSH lifting equation (RNLE) | Lifting and carrying | Shoulders, trunk, hands | [2] |
| Key indicator method (KIM-MHO) | Lifting and carrying | Trunk, hands | [49,50] |
| Manual handling assessment chart (the MAC tool) | Lifting and carrying | Trunk | [51] |
| LBP as a function of patient lifting frequency | Patient handling | Trunk | [52] |
| Back injury prevention project (BIPP) | Patient handling | Trunk | [53] |
| PATE | Patient handling | Trunk | [54] |
| DINO | Patient handling | Trunk | [55] |
| Patient handling assessment | Patient handling | - | [56] |
| Patient transfer assessing instrument (PTAI) | Patient handling | Whole body | [57] |
| MAPO | Patient handling | - | [58,59] |
| TilThermometer | Patient handling | - | [60] |
| Manual handling assessments in hospitals and the community |
Patient handling | - | [61] |
| Revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces | Pushing and pulling | - | [62] |
| Mital Tables | Pushing and pulling | - | [63] |
| Risk assessment of pushing and pulling tool (RAPP) | Pushing and pulling | Trunk | [64] |
| Assessment of pulling and pushing based on key indicators | Pushing and pulling | Trunk | [65] |
| RAMP tool | Pushing and pulling | Trunk | [66] |
| ACGIH assessment of hand activity level (HAL) | Repetitive movements | - | [67,68,69,70] |
| Strain index (SI) | Repetitive movements | Hands, wrists | [71,72] |
| Occupational repetitive actions (OCRA) index and checklist | Repetitive movements | Shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands | [73,74,75,76,77,78,79] |
| Quick exposure check (QEC) | Repetitive movements | Upper limbs, back | [80,81,82,83] |
| Outil de repérage et d’evaluation des gestes (OREGE) |
Repetitive movements | Upper limbs | [84] |
| OWAS | Repetitive movements | Whole body | [85] |
| Posture, activity, tools and handling (PATH) | Repetitive movements | Whole body | [86] |
| Rapid upper limb assessment method (RULA) | Repetitive movements | Whole bodyParticular attention to the neck, trunk, shoulders, arms, wrists | [87,88] |
| Rapid entire body assessment method (REBA) | - | Trunk, legs, neck, shoulders, arms, wrists | [89,90] |
| The European Assembly Worksheet (EAWS) | Repetitive tasks | Upper limbs | [91] |
| Assessment of repetitive task (ART) | Repetitive tasks | Upper limbs, neck, trunk | [92] |
| Upper limb risk assessment (ULRA) | Repetitive tasks | Arms, forearms, hands | [93] |
| Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC) | Manual material handling tasks | Shoulders, Trunk | [94,95] |
| Agricultural lower limb assessment (ALLA) | Agricultural tasks | Lower limb | [96] |
- indicates “not specified”.