Table 1.
Effects of β-caryophyllene: in vitro studies.
| Cells | β-Caryophyllene Concentration/Duration | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| MIN6 β-cells | 0.1–1 μM, 1 h | ↑Insulin, ↑Arf6, Cdc42, and Rac1 | [32] |
| Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) | 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 μM, 24 h | ↓Oxidative stress, ↓Inflammation ↓α-glucosidase |
[38] |
| Rat insulinoma (RIN-5F) cells | 500 μmol, 24 h | ↓Glucose absorption, ↑Glucose uptake, ↑Insulin secretion | [37] |
| C2C12 skeletal myotubes | BCP-enriched PipeNig®-FL extract 1, 10, 100 nM, 30 min |
↑Glucose uptake, ↑GLUT4 translocation | [39] |
| C2C12 skeletal myotubes | 1 μM, 48 h | ↑p-SIRT1, ↑p-CREB, ↑Ac-PGC1α, ↑ERRa and ↑NOR1 (fatty acid oxidation transcriptional regulatory genes), ↑CD36 (fatty acid transport genes) ↑CPT1, MCAD, ACO (mitochondrial β-oxidation genes) |
[40] |
| Lipid loaded HepG2 cells | 1, 10 and 100 μM | ↓LXR-SREBP-1c pathway, ↑PPAR-α ↓intracellular triglyceride, ↑FATP4, ACS, CPT1, ACOX |
[41] |
FATP4, fatty acid transport protein 4; ACS, acyl-CoA synthetase; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase; ACOX, acyl-CoA oxidase.