Table 2.
Effects of β-caryophyllene on glycaemia: in vivo animal studies.
| Animal | β-Caryophyllene Concentration/Duration | Blood Measures | Other Measures | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male Albino Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg b.w., 45 days | ↓Glucose, ↑Insulin, ↑Vit. C, ↑Vit. E, ↑GSH, ↑Ceruloplasmin, ↓MDA, ↓TNF-α and ↓IL-6 (in plasma) |
↑Pancreatic SOD, CAT, GR, GPx, GST and GSH, ↓Pancreatic MDA, ↓Plasma TNF-α and IL-6 | [29] |
| Male Albino Wistar rats | 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 45 days | ↓Glucose levels ↑Insulin levels |
↑liver, kidney and skeletal muscle HK, PK, G-6-PD, ↓liver, kidney and skeletal muscle gluconeogenic enzymes (G6pase, F1, 6Bpase, PEPCK and PC), ↑liver and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase, ↓liver and skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase | [42] |
| Male Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg, 42 days | ↓Glucose, ↓TGs, ↓SGPT, ↓SGOT ↓cholesterol |
↑pancreatic GSH, ↑SOD, ↑catalase | [37] |
| Male Albino Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg b.w., 45 days | ↓Glucose, ↑Insulin, ↓hexose, ↓hexosamine, ↓fucose and ↓sialic acid |
↓liver and renal sialic acid, ↑liver and renal protein-bound hexose, hexosamine and fucose | [46] |
| Male Wistar rats | 30 mg/kg, P.O, 4 weeks | ↓Glucose, ↓Insulin, ↓TC, ↓VLDL-c,ye ↓TG, ↓HOMA-IR, ↑HDL-c, ↓LDL-c |
↑CB2-R, ↑PPAR-γ, ↑PPAR-α, ↑PGC1-α, ↓TNF-α, ↓NF-κB and ↓VCAM1, ↓MDA, ↑GSH, ↓iNOS, ↓NO, ↑eNOS | [58] |
| Male Wistar rats | 30 mg/kg, P.O, 4 weeks | ↓Glucose, ↓Insulin, ↓HOMA- IR |
↑TAC, ↑GSH, ↓MDA, ↓NO, ↓TNF-α, ↓NF-κB, ↓iNOS, ↑PPAR-γ, ↑PGC-1α, ↑BDNF | [59] |
| Female Sprague Dawley rats | Ethanol extract of Citrus macroptera fruit (500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, P.O) | ↓Glucose levels at 2 h and 3 h after administration (hypoglycemic effect) ↓α-amylase |
- | [60] |
| Male Wistar rats | Copaifera duckei containing BCP 21.25% (250 and 500 mg/kg, P.O, 30 days) | ↓Glucose, ↓TG, ↓TC, ↓AST, ↓ALT, ↓urea and ↓creatinine | restore β-cells, ↑quantity and diameter of the Langerhans islets ↓liver mass |
[55] |
GSH, reduced glutathione; MDA, Malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GR, glutathione reductase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GST, glutathione-S transferase; SGOT, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; SGPT, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; HK, hexokinase; PK, Pyruvate kinase PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PC; pyruvate carboxylase; TGs, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; VLDL-c, very low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; NO, nitric oxide; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BCP; β-caryophyllene.