Table 1.

Characterization of non-antibiotic compounds showing a positive antibacterial interaction with classically used antibiotics against H. pylori.

Compounds	Structure	Chemical Characteristic	Application	Antimicrobial Spectrum	Mechanism of Action	Reference
Silver ultra-nanoclusters		Chemically synthesized inorganic compounds	Components of bionanomaterials, antimicrobial preparations, dressings, and cover surfaces	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Cell membrane damage -DNA replication impairment -Proteins synthesis alteration -↑ Oxidative stress -↓ ATP synthesis	[30,31,32,33,34]
Auranofin		Chemically synthesized organogold compounds	Rheumatoid arthritis drug	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Inhibition of cell wall and DNA synthesis -Proteins and lipids synthesis alteration -↑ Oxidative stress	[35,36,37,38,39]
Sertraline		Chemically synthesized organic compounds	Antidepressant drug	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Cell membrane damage -DNA replication impairment -Interference with metabolism -Inhibition of efflux pumps -↓ Proteins translation -↓ ATP synthesis	[40,41,42,43,44,45]
3-bromopyruvate		Chemically synthesized organic compounds	Anticancer agent	Bacteria, fungi, parasites	-DNA replication impairment -Interference with metabolism -↑ Oxidative stress -↓ Proteins translation -↓ ATP synthesis	[46,47,48,49]
Niclosamide		Chemically synthesized organic compounds	Antiparasitic drug	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Disruption of oxidative respiration -Intracellular pH alternations (acidification) -↓ ATP synthesis -↓ Quorum sensing	[50,51,52,53,54]
Dihydropyridine derivatives	Nisoldipine	Chemically synthesized organic compounds	Hypertension drugs	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Disruption of oxidative respiration -DNA replication impairment -↓ Proteins translation -↓ ATP synthesis	[55,56,57,58,59,60]
Flavonoids: chrysin and hesperetin	Chrysin Hesperetin	Plant-derived organic compounds	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Cell membrane damage -Inhibition of cell wall and DNA synthesis -Inhibition of efflux pumps -↓ Proteins translation -↓ ATP synthesis	[61,62,63,64,65,66]
Artemisone		Plant-derived organic compounds	Antiparasitic drug (anti-Plasmodium agent)	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Cell wall/membrane damage and synthesis alternations -Interference with metabolism -DNA replication impairment -↑ Oxidative stress -↓ Proteins translation -↓ ATP synthesis	[67,68,69,70,71]
Pistacia vera oleoresins	Main components: Dipterocarpol Masticadienonic acid	Plant-derived organic compounds	Used in ethnomedicine for gastrointestinal complaints	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Cell membrane damage -Interference with metabolism -DNA replication impairment -↓ ATP synthesis	[72,73,74,75]
Citrus bergamia juice	Main components: Neoeriocitrin Neohesperidin	Plant extract	Used in ethnomedicine for diabetes and cardiovascular disorders	Bacteria, fungi, viruses	-Cell membrane damage -Interference with metabolism -DNA replication impairment -↑ Oxidative stress -↓ ATP synthesis	[76,77,78,79,80,81]
Lithocholic acid (3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid)		Mammal-derived organic compounds	Natural components of biliary system with digestive, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties	Bacteria, fungi, viruses	-Cell membrane damage -DNA damage and replication impairment -Intracellular pH alternations (acidification)	[82,83,84,85,86,87,88]
Bovine lactoferrin		Mammal-derived organic compounds	Natural components of immune system with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties	Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses	-Cell wall/membrane damage and synthesis alternations -Disruption of oxidative respiration -Iron ions chelation -↑ Oxidative stress	[89,90,91,92,93]
Pyrones and their derivatives	Aurasperone A	Microbe-derived organic compounds	Modulators of hormones	Bacteria, fungi, viruses	-Cell membrane synthesis alternations -DNA replication impairment -↓ Proteins translation	[94,95,96,97]
Rhamnolipids		Microbe-derived organic compounds	Antiadhesive and antibiofilm agents	Bacteria, fungi, viruses	-Cell membrane damage and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity alternations -Destruction of exopolysaccharide by forming micelles -↑ Oxidative stress -↓ ATP synthesis	[98,99,100,101,102]