Table 2.

Reports on the efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics against APEC and C. perfringens in broilers.

Strategy	Results	Reference
Probiotic	B. subtilis strain 747 improved growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity of broiler chickens	[189]
Probiotic	A multi-strain Bacillus probiotic, 4 B. subtilis (CPB 011, CPB 029, HP 1.6, and D 014) and 2 B. velezensis (CBP 020 and CPB 035), improved growth performance and improved gut and liver function of broilers when under challenge.	[190]
Probiotic	B. subtilis DSM 32315 controlled proliferation of C. perfringens in intestines of broilers under challenge, reduced performance loss and partially replaced in-feed AGP.	[39]
Probiotic	Feed supplementation with L. johnsonii BS15 in the prevention of subclinical NE in broilers was effective in influencing performance (higher ADG and lower FCR) when given before NE challenge. BS15 effects were limited in groups with established development of NE.	[199]
Probiotic	Broiler groups under C. perfringens, Eimeria challenge, and fishmeal supplementation when fed B. licheniformis had similar cecal microbiota compared to that of the control group, suggesting that B. licheniformis disrupts microbiota and alleviates cecal disruption caused by multiple gastrointestinal challenges.	[200]
Probiotic	Broilers challenged with E. coli K88 and fed L. plantarum B1 had increased BW, decreased E. coli counts, and increased lactic acid bacteria in the ceca compared to challenged untreated counterparts. Broilers fed L. plantarum increased ileal mucosal secretory IgA and reduced IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the ileum.	[201]
Probiotic	Broilers fed L. plantarum during the entire growing period or finishing period (d22-42) performed better overall than broilers fed only in starter period or no supplementation.	[202]
Probiotic	A multi-strain probiotic containing L. acidophilus, B. subtilis, and C. butyricum improved FCR, ileal digestibility, increased Lactobacillus and decreased E. coli in the GIT, and reduced NH3 excreta content compared to control broiler groups.	[192]
Prebiotics, Probiotics, and combination	Broilers fed B. subtilis spores, or combination of commercial prebiotic, Mannan oligosaccharide, and B. subtilis spores exhibited overall higher BW gain compared to negative control and AGP positive control diets.	[194]
Prebiotic and Probiotic	The prebiotic and probiotic combination improved digestive organ growth of broilers, but did not improve growth or meat yield of broilers	[182]
Prebiotic	Sodium butyrate (Na-B) significantly lowered intestinal lesion scores compared to control challenged Cobb-Cobb male broilers.	[203]
Prebiotic	Broilers fed sweet orange peel extract levels in concentrations higher than 1000 ppm improved rates of IBD and IBV antibody titers and immune response in broiler chickens	[204]
Prebiotic	Use of quercetin, a ubiquitous flavonoid, altered cecal microflora of broilers by reducing P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, S. aureus, and E. coli, but increased copies of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium; inhibited growth of E. coli and S. aureus in vitro by damaging cell wall and cell membrane structures; and had bactericidal effects on Gram-positive bacteria	[205]
Prebiotic	Isomaltooligosaccharide improved hot carcass weight and increased Lactobacillus microbial numbers in the ceca with broilers under challenge from E.coli O78 (APEC)	[198]
Prebiotic	Broiler groups fed 300mg/kg Beta vulgaris extract had comparable FCR to anticoccidial treated groups. B.vulgaris extract improved FCR, reduced oocysts in feces and lesion scores in Eimeria sp. challenged groups	[206]
Prebiotic	Ross male broilers treated with mananoligosacharide when challenged with E. tenella significantly outperformed control and treated groups with amprolium hydrochloride with improved FCR, body weight gain, and feed intake.	[197]