Table 3.

Other preventative strategies and antibiotic alternative effects in broiler production.

Strategy	Results	Reference
Competitive exclusion	Commercially available competitive exclusion culture administered via oral infection to White Leghorn chickens on day 1 of placement reduced the number of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in gut cecal contents	[234]
Environment	Reduced stocking density in NAE broiler flocks decreases litter moisture	[213]
Environment	Reduced stocking densities of broilers had higher BW and lowered FCR than high stocking densities	[214]
Environment	Broilers raised at the lower stocking density had higher BW, but lower FCR	[235]
Genetics	No difference in AMR presence of E. coli in fast-growing vs. slow-growing breeds of broilers in an antibiotic-free system	[236]
Organic Acids	A meta-analysis of 121 articles on organic acids in broilers showed that organic acids blends were most effective in increasing ADG and FCR compared to organic acids used alone. Birds under challenge were positively affected in FCR when organic acids were used but not to the same extent of AGPs	[237]
Essential Oil	An in vitro study of screening 28 different essential oils revealed potential selective antibacterial activity of E. globulus, E. exserta, P. pseudocaryophyllus, Orange Oil Phase Essence, and Citrus Terpenes oils against pathogenic bacteria and little antibacterial activity observed in beneficial microbes such as L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus	[238]
Essential Oil	Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria prevalence was significantly lower (2.30 log10 CFU/mL) in clove essential oil sprayed eggs than nonsanitized eggs (3.49 log10 CFU/mL) comparable to traditional sanitizer, paraformaldehyde (2.23 log10 CFU/mL).	[209]