Table 2.
List of human cell lines used for the characterization of Usutu virus (USUV).
| Cell Lines | USUV Strain (GenBank) | Infection | Cytopathic Effects | Other Findings | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary astrocytes | AY453411 | + | - | USUV decreases cellular proliferation without induction of apoptosis, targets human astrocytes and upregulates antiviral genes more efficiently than ZIKV | [82] | |
| LT854220 | + | - | - | [11] | ||
| Brain-like primary endothelial cells (hBLECs) | KX601692 | + | - | Secretion of chemokines such as CXCL10 or CCL5 | [85] | |
| Colon adenocarcinoma cell line CaCo-2, ATCC HTB-37 | AY453411 | + | - | - | [86] | |
| Colon adenocarcinoma grade cell line II HT29, ATCC HTB-38 | ||||||
| Colon adenocarcinoma cell line SW480, ATCC CCL-228 | ||||||
| Embryonic lung cell line MRC-5, ATCC CCL-171 | ||||||
| Epidermoid larynx carcinoma cell line Hep-2, ATCC CCL-23 | AY453411 | + | + | An established USUV infection can overcome the antiviral effect of types I and III IFNs | [86] | |
| Epidermoid oral carcinoma cell line KB, ATCC CCL-17 | + | + | - | |||
| Epitheloid cervix carcinoma HeLa, ATCC CCL-2 | AY453411 | + | - | - | [73] | |
| AY453411 | + | - | - | [86] | ||
| Hepatoblastoma cell line Hep-G2, ATCC HB-8065 | AY453411 | + | - | - | [86] | |
| Lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549, ATCC CCL-185 | AY453411 | + | n.i. | USUV replication was lower than that of WNV in the presence of a large variety of subtypes of IFN-α, -β and γ | [87] | |
| AY453411 | + | + | - | [86] | ||
| Primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) | hMoDC | AY453412 | + | + | High IFN-β and TNF responses were found | [83] |
| (DCs) | AY453411 | + | n.i. | USUV induced a higher activation of IFN-associated response and was more sensitive to types I and III IFN than WNV | [87] | |
| Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc)-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) | AY453411 | + | + | Cells undergo cellular death by caspase 3-dependant apoptosis | [82] | |
| AY453411 | + | +* | USUV replicated less efficiently and induced less inflammatory response and cell damage than WNV | [88] | ||
| Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium RPE | KX601692 | + | - | Strong antiviral and pro-inflammatory response | [85] | |
| Primary nasal epithelial cells (NECs) | AY453412 | + | - | USUV did not induce a significant IFN response and inflammatory mediators IL-8/CXCL8 and IP-10/CXCL10 release in comparison to mock controls | [89] | |
| Vascular endothelial cells EA.hy.926, ATCC: CRL-2922 | AY453412 | + | + | - | [77] | |
* Mild cytopathic effects. Abbreviations: IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; n.i.: Not indicated; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; WNV: West Nile virus.