Table 5.
Immunocompetent mouse models for studying USUV biology.
| Study | Strains | Sex | Age (Weeks) | Viral Strains (GenBank) | Doses and Routes of Inoculation | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [85] | Swiss | M | 1 | KX601692 | 104 TCID50 IP | Weight loss/failure to gain weight/limb weakness and hind-limb paralysis/mortality of 60% at 14 days post-infection. Massive inflammatory response in the CNS and eyes (neuroretinitis and uveitis)/viral genome identification by RT-qPCR at 6 dpi in the liver, spleen, hind limb muscle, kidney, bladder and especially in nervous tissues such as eyes (including optic nerve), brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerves |
| [118] | 129/Sv | F | 4–5 |
MK230891 MK230892 |
106 TCID50 IP, ID or IN | Disorientation/paraplegia/neuronal death in the brain and spinal cord and systemic RNA detection in a single mouse. Viral RNA detected in the brain 15 days post-infection of mice after IN injection of both strains/variable antibody-response. |
| [46] | Swiss Webster (CFW) | NI | 3–4 |
KC754955 AY453412 MH727238 |
103 PFU IC | Weight loss/tremors, apathy and paralysis of the posterior limbs 4 days after infection 100% mortality between the 8th and the 10th day |
| 103 PFU IP | Mortality of 1/10 at 10 days post-infection with KC754955. 60% of morbidity and 50% of mortality at 15 days post-infection with AY453412 |
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| 103 PFU SC | No effect after the injection of MH727238. No effect after the inoculation of KC754955 or MH727238. Weight loss and 30% mortality at 15 days post-infection with AY453412. |
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| [119] | 129/Sv | M/F | 6 | KU760915 * | 104 PFU IP | No signs nor mortalities. |
| [120] | Swiss | F | 8 | AY453412 | 102 ou 104 PFU IP | No signs/mortalities/neutralizing antibodies/USUV-RNA in the organs (e.g., brain) at any tested time after infection (4 to 35 days). |
| 1 | Dose-dependent mortality (15.8% and 60% respectively). USUV-RNA detection in the brain/anti-USUV IgG antibodies were detected from 15 d.p.i. |
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| [121] | Swiss | F | 10 | AY453412 | 104PFU IP | No signs nor mortalities. |
| [122] | NMRI | NI | 1 | AY453411 | 103 TCID50 IP | Disorientation, paraplegia, paralysis 100% of mortality after 11 days of infection. Neuronal and glial cells apoptosis/neuronal demyelination. |
| >1 | No signs nor mortalities. | |||||
| [18] | Swiss | NI | Suckling mice | ENT MP 1626 | IC (isolation and reisolation of the viral strain from Mansonia (Coquillettidia) aurites mosquitoes in Uganda) | Clinical signs (details not given, except paralysis in one mouse) and death by day 14 in 6/9 newborn mice. |
| 5–6 | >106,5 TCID50 IP | No mortalities in adult mice. |
* Derivative of the strain AY453412 by passages on cells. Abbreviations: dpi: days post-infection; NI: Not indicated; M: Male; F: Female; IC: Intra-cerebral; ID: Intra-dermal; IN: Intra-nasal; IP: Intra-peritoneal; NMRI: Naval Medical Research Institute; SC: Subcutaneous; TCID50: 50% Tissue culture infective dose; WNV-RSPs: West Nile virus-Recombinant Sub-viral particles.