Table 2.
Repository of studies investigating MM towards their effect on VC, as well as their effects on VC related processes in VSMC.
| Calcification -In Vitro |
Calcification -In Vivo |
Calcification -Clinical Studies |
Osteogenesis | Oxidative Stress | Inflammation | Apoptosis | Senescence | Proliferation | Migration | Atherosclerosis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APN | ↓[31,32,33] —[34] |
↓[35,36] | ↑[37,38,39] ↓[40,41] —[42,43,44] |
↓[31,36] | ↓[45] | ↓[33,35] | ↓[46,47] | ↓[48,49] | ↓[49,50] | ||
| ADM | ↓[51,52] | ↓[51,53] | ↓[53] | ↓[54,55] | ↑[56,57] ↓[58,59] |
↓[60,61] | |||||
| ET | ↑[62] | ↑[62,63,64] | ↑[65,66,67] | ↑[68,69,70] | ↑[69,71] | ↑[72] ↓[73] |
↑[74,75] | ↑[76,77] | ↑[78,79] | ||
| IL-8 | ↑[80] | ↑[81] —[82] |
↓[83] | ↑[84,85] | ↑[84,85] | ||||||
| IL-18 | ↑[86,87] | ↑[88,89,90] | ↑[86,87] | ↑[91] | ↑[92,93] | ↑[94,95] | ↑[96,97] | ↑[98,99] | |||
| IL-1β | ↑[100,102] ~[103] |
↑[101,104,105] | —[101,102,106] | ↑[100,102] ~[107] |
—[108] | ↑[109,110] | ↑[111,112] | ↑[102] | ↑[113,114] | ↑[114,115] | ↑[101,116] |
| IL-6 | ↑[117,118,119,120,121,122] | ↑[118,119,123] | ↑[41,106,124,125,126,127,128,129] | ↑[118,120,122,130] | ↑[131] | ↑↓[130] | ↑[132,133] | ↑[121] | ↑[134,135] | ↑[135,136] | ↑[118,120] |
| PTH | ↑[137,138] | ↑[137,139,140] ↓[141,142] |
↑[129,143] —[144] |
↑[137] | ↓[141] | —[145] | |||||
| TNF | ↑[107,146,147,148,149,150,151,152] | ↑[149] | ↑[126,129] —[44,128] |
↑[107,146,149,153] | ↑[154,155] | ↑[156,157] | ↑[158,159] | ↑[160,161] | ↑[160,162] | ↑[163,164] |
↑ = increase, ↓ = decrease, — = tested, but no effect, ~ = unclear effect, Abbreviations: Adrenomedullin = ADM, Endothelin = ET, Interleukin = IL, Parathyroid hormone = PTH, Tumor necrosis factor alpha = TNF-α, Adiponectin = APN.