Table 4.
Results of linear mixed-effects models for determinants of the log α-tocopherol/total cholesterol ratio a,b.
| Model 2 (n = 399) | Model 3 (n = 399) | Model 4 (n = 289) | Model 5 (n = 226) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CE | [95% CI] | CE | [95% CI] | CE | [95% CI] | CE | [95% CI] | |
| Intercept | 1.8 × 10+0 *** | [1.8 × 10+0, 1.8 × 10+0] | 1.8 × 10+0 *** | [1.8 × 10+0, 1.8 × 10+0] | 1.8 × 10+0 *** | [1.8 × 10+0, 1.8 × 10+0] | 1.8 × 10+0 *** | [1.8 × 10+0, 1.9 × 10+0] |
| Age (years) | 9.9 × 10−3 *** | [8.4 × 10−3, 1.1 × 10−2] | 1.0 × 10−2 *** | [8.3 × 10−3, 1.2 × 10−2] | 9.9 × 10−3 *** | [8.3 × 10−3, 1.1 × 10−2] | 1.1 × 10−2 *** | [9.5 × 10−3, 1.3 × 10−2] |
| Age2 (years) | −1.2 × 10−4 | [−2.7 × 10−4, 3.8 × 10−5] | −1.1 × 10−4 | [−2.6 × 10−4, 5.3 × 10−5] | −1.4 × 10−4 | [−3.0 × 10−4, 2.3 × 10−5] | −1.6 × 10−4 | [−3.2 × 10−4, 9.7 × 10−6] |
| Male sex | −4.3 × 10−3 | [−4.9 × 10−2, 4.1 × 10−2] | −3.1 × 10−3 | [−4.8 × 10−2, 4.2 × 10−2] | 3.1 × 10−3 | [−4.1 × 10−2, 4.8 × 10−2] | −2.2 × 10−2 | [−7.6 × 10−2, 3.3 × 10−2] |
| FM (kg) | 2.1 × 10−3 | [3.2 × 10−4, 3.8 × 10−3] | 2.5 × 10−3 | [4.8 × 10−4, 4.6 × 10−3] | 9.3 × 10−4 | [−9.1 × 10−4, 2.8 × 10−3] | 1.1 × 10−3 | [−1.1 × 10−3, 3.2 × 10−3] |
| Current/past smoking | 6.8 × 10−3 | [−3.3 × 10−2, 4.7 × 10−2] | 8.0 × 10−3 | [−3.2 × 10−2, 4.8 × 10−2] | −6.9 × 10−3 | [−4.7 × 10−2, 3.3 × 10−2] | 1.0 × 10−2 | [−3.8 × 10−2, 5.9 × 10−2] |
| PAI | 1.9 × 10−2 | [−3.9 × 10−2, 7.7 × 10−2] | 1.9 × 10−2 | [−3.9 × 10−2, 7.8 × 10−2] | 4.9 × 10−3 | [−5.7 × 10−2, 6.7 × 10−2] | 6.9 × 10−2 | [2.5 × 10−3, 1.4 × 10−1] |
| TOC intake (mg/d) | 2.1 × 10−3 | [1.1 × 10−4, 4.2 × 10−3] | 3.3 × 10−3 | [8.5 × 10−4, 5.8 × 10−3] | 2.0 × 10−4 | [−1.9 × 10−3, 2.4 × 10−3] | 2.3 × 10−3 | [−2.4 × 10−5, 4.6 × 10−3] |
| TOC intake2 (mg/d) | −3.7 × 10−5 | [−1.8 × 10−4, 1.1 × 10−4] | −2.5 × 10−5 | [−1.8 × 10−4, 1.3 × 10−4] | 8.8 × 10−6 | [−1.4 × 10−4, 1.6 × 10−4] | −7.7 × 10−5 | [−2.5 × 10−4, 9.6 × 10−5] |
| Use of supplements c | 1.2 × 10−1 *** | [1.0 × 10−1, 1.4 × 10−1] | 1.2 × 10−1 *** | [1.0 × 10−1, 1.4 × 10−1] | 1.1 × 10−1 *** | [8.6 × 10−2, 1.3 × 10−1] | ||
| Use of lipid-modifying drugs | 7.5 × 10−2 *** | [5.3 × 10−2, 9.9 × 10−2] | 7.6 × 10−2 *** | [5.3 × 10−2, 9.9 × 10−2] | 9.9 × 10−2 *** | [7.4 × 10−2, 1.2 × 10−1] | 7.8 × 10−2 *** | [5.2 × 10−2, 1.0 × 10−1] |
| Plasma vitamin C (µmol/L) | 1.3 × 10−3 *** | [8.4 × 10−4, 1.8 × 10−3] | 1.3 × 10−3 *** | [7.0 × 10−4, 1.9 × 10−3] | 1.4 × 10−3 *** | [8.9 × 10−4, 2.0 × 10−3] | 1.6 × 10−3 *** | [1.0 × 10−3, 2.2 × 10−3] |
| Disease diagnosis d | 3.1 × 10−2 | [−6.9 × 10−3, 6.9 × 10−2] | 3.0 × 10−2 | [−7.3 × 10−3, 6.8 × 10−2] | −3.6 × 10−3 | [−4.1 × 10−2, 3.4 × 10−2] | 2.6 × 10−2 | [−2.1 × 10−2, 7.3 × 10−2] |
| I (male sex:age) | −7.0 × 10−4 | [−3.9 × 10−3, 2.5 × 10−3] | ||||||
| I (male sex:FM) | −1.7 × 10−3 | [−5.7 × 10−3, 2.3 × 10−3] | ||||||
| I (male sex:TOC intake) | −1.6 × 10−3 | [−5.3 × 10−3, 2.2 × 10−3] | ||||||
| I (age:TOC intake) | −2.4 × 10−5 | [−2.3 × 10−4, 1.8 × 10−4] | ||||||
| I (smoking:TOC intake) | −1.7 × 10−3 | [−5.2 × 10−3, 1.8 × 10−3] | ||||||
| I (male sex:plasma vitamin C) | 2.1 × 10−4 | [−8.4 × 10−4, 1.3 × 10−3] | ||||||
| I (age:plasma vitamin C) | −1.5 × 10−5 | [−7.9 × 10−5, 4.9 × 10−5] | ||||||
| R2, marginal/conditional | 0.158/0.622 | 0.159/0.622 | 0.146/0.627 | 0.186/0.631 | ||||
CE, coefficient estimate; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; FM, fat mass; PAI, physical activity index; TOC, α-tocopherol equivalents; I (a:b) denotes the interaction effect for a and b. a Linear mixed-effects models including the log α-tocopherol/total cholesterol ratio as dependent variable, random effects of age and subject and centered metric independent variables. Model 2 considered as fixed effects: linear and quadratic age, sex, FM, smoking behavior, PAI, linear and quadratic dietary intake of α-tocopherol equivalents, use of supplements, use of lipid-modifying drugs, plasma vitamin C and disease diagnosis. Model 3 is based on model 2 and included interaction effects as additional fixed effects. Model 4 is based on model 2 but excluded records, in which the use of vitamin E and/or multivitamin supplements was reported. Model 5 is based on model 2 but only subjects with complete data records on at least seven visits were considered. Data are presented as coefficient estimates and 95% confidence intervals; b p values after adjusting for multiple testing: *** p < 0.001; c This variable comprised the use of vitamin E and/or multivitamin supplements; d This variable combined the information on reported diagnoses of gall bladder/pancreas/chronic liver/inflammatory bowel disease and dyslipidemia.