Table 2.
Methods and theories or concepts
| Theories, Concepts, and Dependent Variables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Topic | Sample | Methods Population of Interest | Sample Size | Theories or Concepts | Dependent Variables |
| 1 | 1 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 2 | 3 | Primary data | Kentucky tobacco farmers | 702 | Sustainable Family Business Model and Agricultural Household Model | Planning to exit tobacco farming (0/1), planned to use tobacco payment to expand the business (0/1), planned to start new firm (0/1), at least one adult family member was employed off-farm (0/1), planned to spend their tobacco payments mostly on household expenses (0/1), planned to pay off debts using tobacco checks (0/1), and planned to invest in the stock market (0/1) |
| 3 | 4 | American Family Business Survey (AFBS) and Primary data | US owners and leaders of family businesses | 650 AFBS, 492 Distelberg sample | General Systems Theory | Values orientation (strong to weak), 7 point Likert scale |
| 4 | 1 | National Family Business Survey and Spatial Hazards Events and Losses Database for US | US family business owners | 708 | Sustainable Family Business Theory | Survival (0/1), survival time of the firm (how long has the firm survived) |
| 5 | 1 | National Family Business Survey | US family business owners | 365 | Sustainable Family Business Theory | Subjective perceived business success (0/1) and objective profit growth from 1996 to 1999 (0/1) |
| 6 | 2 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 7 | 3 | Farm businesses in United Kingdom | United Kingdom farmers | 3 farms over 5 years | Bourdieu's Theory of Capital | Grounded theory, variables of interest: Economic capital, cultural capital, social capital, and symbolic capital |
| 8 | 3 | National Family Business Survey | US family business owners | 246 | Diffusion of Innovations Framework and Technology Acceptance Model | Family business managers' information technology (IT) knowledge and use (0-2); perceived IT ease of use (1-5); implementation and usefulness of IT (1-5); and impact of IT (1-4). All variables use Likert scales. |
| 9 | 4 | National Family Business Survey | US family business owners | 553 | Strategic Management Theory | The goal choices of the business owner: Profit growth (0/1), a positive reputation with customers (0/1), long-term viability (01), or adequate financing (0/1). |
| 10 | 2 | Arthur Anderson Center for Family Business and others | US family business owners or member of top management team | 2,168 | No model | Continuation commitment of the current generation of family members and their offspring. Five point Likert scale. |
| 11 | 1 | Survey of Consumer Finances, 2007 | Household heads in the US | 4,418 | Life cycle earning model | Savings behavior of business owning families (was spending more than, less than, or equal to income). If family’s spending was less than its income then savings (0/1) |
| 12 | 3 | National Minority Business Survey | Minority family businesses owners in the US | 593 | Sustainable Family Business Theory | Total adjustment strategies index (1 point for each of the 13 items) and five types of adjustment strategies (adjusting family resources (0/1), adjusting business resources (0/1), intertwining tasks (o/1), obtaining volunteer help (0/1), and hiring temporary paid help (0/1)). |
| 13 | 4 | Primary data, small sample | Norwegian farmers | 22 | Social Exchange Theory | Received labor (0/1) or borrowed/rented gear (0/1) |
| 14 | 1 | Primary data, small sample | Arkansas women attending conference (convenience) | 199 | Farming satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and role theory. | Financial satisfaction (on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree) |
| 15 | 1 | Intergenerational Family Business Survey | Members of the Food Industry MarketMaker website in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio | 515 | Sustainable Family Business Model and Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientations Model | High relationship satisfaction (0/1), copreneurial ownership (0/1), high profit (0/1) |
| 16 | 1 | Intergenerational Family Business Survey | Members of the Food Industry MarketMaker website in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio | 736 | Sustainable Family Business Model and Unified Systems Model | Percentage of household income coming from the business and tension from competition over resources (1-3) |
| 17 | 2 | Primary data, small sample | Small and medium-size enterprise owners in India | 135 | None | Impact on family, impact on business, and impact on inductee composite variables |
| 18 | 4 | Primary data, small sample | Family business owners in Western Australia | 10 | Dynamic capabilities approach and Grounded theory approach | Grounded theory variables of interest: Sensing, seizing, and transforming resources |
| 19 | 2 | Survey of Household Finances in Spain for 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, and 2014 | Household heads in Spain | 6,383 over 5 years of samples | None | Adult child was an entrepreneur (0/1) |
| 20 | 1 | Primary data, small sample | Child care providers in Los Angeles, California | 7 | Family Resource Management (Deacon and Firebaugh) | Perceived resource well-being (-1=low to 2=high) |
1All papers were quantitative studies using regression analysis, except literature review papers 1 (Yilmazer and Schrank 2010) and 6 (Wang 2010) and qualitative study papers 7 (Glover 2010), 13 (Gezlius, 2017), 18 (Duarte et al 2018), and 20 (Mimura et al. 2019). Two papers 8 (Niehm et al. 2010) and 10 (Mahto et al. 2014) used path analysis.