Table 8.

Characterization of the effects of magnetic stimulation (MS) on the severity of fecal incontinence symptoms in women.

Reference	Main Objective	Participants	Intervention	Outcome
Shobeiri et al. (2007), USA [64] A prospective cohort pilot study	Assessment of the usefulness of EXMI in alleviating FI symptoms in women with underactive pelvic floor.	16 women with FI and underactive PFM (mean age 57 years)	EXMI in a sitting position on a chair inducing an alternating magnetic field, frequency from 5 to 50 Hz, pulse 8 s, rest 4 s, for 20 min, twice a week for 8 weeks. Follow-up after 12 weeks Assessment: CCFIS, MR, endovaginal ultrasound, PFM examination with a Kegel Perineometer	EXMI alleviates the FI symptoms among women with an underactive pelvic floor (CCFIS). Pelvic floor rest and squeeze pressures have improved significantly.

EXMI, extracorporeal magnetic stimulation; FI, fecal incontinence; CCFIS, Cleveland Clinic Fecal Incontinence Score; MR, magnetic resonance; PFM, pelvic floor muscles.