Table 1.
Worldwide countries with a selection of published DILI cases assessed for causality using RUCAM.
| Country/ DILI Cases, n |
First Author/Year | DILI Cases, n |
Drugs | Comments on RUCAM Based DILI Cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Argentina n = 625 |
Bessone, 2016 [23] | 197 | Various drugs | DILI caused by a variety of drugs, not allowing individual description of features |
| Bessone, 2019 [24] | 114 | Various drugs | Individual drugs not available for DILI feature characterization | |
| Colaci, 2019 [25] | 311 | Various drugs | DILI features for single drugs were not presented | |
| García, 2019 [26] | 3 | Methotrexate | Feature details provided for DILI by methotrexate | |
|
Australia n = 106 |
Lin, 2014 [27] | 47 | Various volatile anaesthetics | DILI by anesthetics without individual features of isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane |
| Ahmed, 2015 [28] | 1 | Ipilimumab | Detailed features of the DILI case | |
| Laube, 2019 [29] | 1 | Atorvastatin | Good feature presentation of this DILI case | |
| Worland, 2020 [30] | 57 | Infliximab | Feature presentation of DILI by the drug | |
|
Bahrain n = 25 |
Sridharan, 2020 [31] | 25 | Various antiepileptic drugs | No feature details provided of DILI due to individual drugs |
|
Brazil n = 4 |
Becker, 2019 [32] | 4 | Various drugs | Features of DILI caused by some drugs |
|
Canada n = 4 |
Yan, 2006 [33] | 2 | Rofecoxib | Two well described case features of DILI caused by rofecoxib |
| Nhean, 2019 [34] | 2 | Dolutegravir | Careful described features of DILI | |
|
China n = 35,825 |
Hou, 2012 [35] | 300 | Various drugs | No feature details available for DILI by individual drugs |
| Lv, 2012 [36] | 89 | Various drugs | Specific features of DILI by individual drugs were not presented | |
| Hao, 2014 [37] | 140 | Anti-Tuberculotics | Lacking specific DILI features of any drug | |
| Ou, 2015 [38] | 231 | Various drugs | No feature specifics of DILI are available for individual drugs | |
| Zhu, 2015 [39] | 39 | Various drugs | Specific features of DILI caused by individual drugs were not provided | |
| Lu, 2016 [40] | 513 | Various drugs | Missing specific features of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Yang, 2016 [41] | 124 | Various drugs | Feature specifics of DILI caused by individual drugs were not provided | |
| Zhu, 2016 [42] | 870 | Various drugs | No specific features of DILI by individual drugs were presented | |
| Naqiong, 2017 [43] | 157 | Various statins | Cohort consisted of patients with DILI caused by atorvastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin, but specific features were not provided for individual statins | |
| Li, 2018 [44] | 1 | Iguratmod | Detailed feature description of DILI | |
| Song, 2018 [45] | 1 | Posaconazole | Careful feature presentation of DILI by this drug | |
| Tao, 2018, [46] | 290 | Anti-Tuberculotics | Cohort included patients with DILI caused by isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin, but specific features were not presented for individual drugs | |
| Liao, 2019 [47] | 1 | Cefepime | Well described features of DILI by this drug | |
| Shen, 2019 [48] | 18,956 | Various drugs | Cohort comprized patients with DILI, but special DILI features related to individual drugs were not published. | |
| Xing, 2019 [49] | 133 | Various drugs | No specific feature presentation of DILI by individual drugs | |
| Ma, 2020 [50] | 1 | Fenofibrate | Specific feature of DILI by this drug presented | |
| Tao, 2020 [51] | 146 | Anti-Tuberculotics | Lacking feature data of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Wang, 2020 [52] | 155 | Anti-Tuberculotics | Cohort included patients with DILI due to not further identified anti-TB regimens, hence attributing specific DILI features to individual drugs was not possible | |
| Yang, 2020 [53] | 13,678 | Various drugs | No feature details of DILI by individual drugs | |
|
Colombia n = 19 |
Ríos, 2013 [54] | 1 | Albendazole | Detailed feature description of DILI caused by albendazole |
| Cano-Paniagua, 2019 [55] | 18 | Various drugs | Perfect feature description of DILI by drugs in this excellent prospective epidemiology study using the updated RUCAM for causality assessment | |
|
Egypt n = 75 |
Alhaddad, 2020 [56] | 75 | Various drugs | Feature details of DILI by individual drugs incompletely provided |
|
France n = 170 |
Bénichou, 1993 [57] | 94 | Various drugs | No detailed feature description of DILI by the drugs |
| Arotcarena, 2004 [58] | 1 | Pioglitazone | Feature description of the case | |
| Moch, 2012 [59] | 18 | Etifoxine | Detailed features of DILI due to etifoxine treatment | |
| Carrier, 2013 [60] | 1 | Methyl-prednisolone | Features of DILI well described for the drug | |
| Ripault, 2013 [61] | 1 | Crizotinib | Good feature details provided for DILI by this drug | |
| Dumortier, 2017 [62] | 5 | Methyl-prednisolone | Careful feature description of DILI caused by the drug | |
| Meunier, 2018 [63] | 50 | Nimesulide | No feature description of DILI by this drug | |
|
Germany n = 10,907 |
Stammschulte, 2012 [64] | 37 | Flupirtine | Carefully presented features of DILI caused by flupirtine |
| Douros, 2014 [65] | 7 | Flupirtine | Comprehensive feature presentation of DILI due to flupirtine | |
| Douros, 2014 [66] | 198 | Various drugs | Cohort of patients with DILI associated with the use of various drugs, but special features of DILI by individual drugs were not provided | |
| Buechter, 2018 [67] | 15 | Various drugs | No detailed feature presentation of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Dragoi, 2018 [68] | 16 | Diclofenac | Cohort of DILI patients with presentation of limited specific DILI features | |
| Teschke, 2018 [69] | 7278 | Various drugs | Cohort of DILI patients without feature specification for individual drugs | |
| Teschke, 2018 [70] | 3312 | Various drugs | Cohort of DILI cases not providing special features of DILI by individual drugs | |
| Weber, 2019 [71] | 44 | Various drugs | No specific features of DILI caused by individual drugs provided | |
|
Iceland n = 367 |
Björnsson, 2012 [72] | 73 | Statins | Specific feature details provided of DILI by statins |
| Björnsson, 2013 [73] | 72 | Various drugs | Cohort of DILI cases without providing typical features of DILI by single drugs | |
| Björnsson, 2016 [74] | 222 | Various drugs | The two assessed cohorts provided no typical features of DILI caused by the evaluated drugs | |
|
India n = 424 |
Harugeri, 2009 [75] | 1 | Montelukast | Good feature presentation of a patient with DILI caused by montelukast |
| Devarbhavi, 2010 [76] | 313 | Various drugs | No feature description of DILI due to individual drugs | |
| Rathi, 2017 [77] | 82 | Various drugs | Cohort of DILI cases but features of DILI by indivual drugs were not presented | |
| Taneja, 2017 [78] | 2 | Etodolac | Detailed feature presentation of DILI | |
| Das, 2018 [79] | 24 | Various drugs | Cohort with limited feature description of few patients with DILI caused by drugs assessed for causality by RUCAM or other CAMs | |
| Dutta, 2020 [80] | 1 | Haloperidol | Perfect presented feature details of DILI caused by this drug | |
| Kulkarni, 2020 [81] | 1 | Vitamin A | Perfect feature details of this DILI case | |
|
Israel n = 1 |
Gluck, 2011 [82] | 1 | Amiodarone | Careful feature description of a patient with DILI caused by a single drug |
|
Italy n = 1562 |
Rigato, 2007 [83] | 1 | Flavoxate | Good feature presentation of a patient with DILI caused by flavoxate |
| Licata, 2010 [84] | 46 | Various drugs including Nimesulide | Feature description of patients with DILI by nimesulide but no description for DILI by other drugs | |
| Abenavoli, 2013 [85] | 1 | Cyproterone acetate | Detailed feature description of a patient with DILI | |
| Ferrajolo, 2017 [86] | 938 | Various antibiotics | Combined feature presentation of all antibiotics causing DILI in paediatric patients | |
| Licata, 2017 [87] | 185 | Various drugs | Epidemiology study, hence no feature description of patients with DILI by any drug | |
| Giacomelli, 2018 [88] | 362 | Nevirapine | Detailed feature description of DILI by nevirapine observed in all patients | |
| Licata, 2018 [89] | 28 | Rivaroxaban | Perfect feature description of this DILI cohort | |
| Lovero, 2018 [90] | 1 | Ustekinumab | Careful feature description of DILI caused by this drug | |
|
Japan n = 939 |
Masumoto, 2003 [91] | 85 | Various drugs | No detailed feature description of DILI caused by drugs |
| Hanatani, 2014 [92] | 182 | Various drugs | Detailed features of DILI by individual drugs not provided | |
| Niijima, 2017 [93] | 1 | Ipragliflozin | Provided case features of DILI | |
| Ji, 2017 [94] | 1 | Methimazole | Perfect feature presentation of DILI caused by this drug | |
| Aiso, 2019 [95] | 270 | Various drugs | Global feature description of DILI by all drugs | |
| Kishimoto, 2019 [96] | 1 | Clonazepam | Detailed feature of DILI by this drug | |
| Hiraki, 2019 [97] | 1 | Tegafur-Uracil | Good feature presentation of DILI caused by the drug | |
| Kakisaki, 2019 [98] | 398 | Various drugs | Perfect feature description of the cohort | |
|
Korea n = 6528 |
Choi, 2008 [99] | 1 | Albendazole | Detailed feature description of DILI by albendazole in a case report of a single patient |
| Suk, 2012 [100] | 101 | Various drugs | Lacking detailed feature description of DILI by individual drugs | |
| Son, 2015 [101] | 1 | Various drugs | No specific feature description of DILI due to comedication | |
| Woo, 2016 [102] | 1 | Various comedicated drugs | Lacking specific feature description of DILI due to comedication | |
| Byeon, 2019 [103] | 6391 | Various drugs | Missing specific feature of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Kwon, 2019 [104] | 33 | Nimesulide | Detailed feature description of DILI caused by nimesulide, using a prospective study design in this perfect analysis | |
|
Malaysia n = 1 |
Thalha, 2018 [105] | 1 | Kombiglyze | Perfect feature description of DILI caused by the combination of metformin and saxagliptin |
|
Mexico n = 1 |
Lammel-Lindemann, 2018 [106] | 1 | Candesartan | Well described features of DILI by this drug |
|
Morocco n = 1 |
Essaid, 2010 [107] | 1 | Tadalafil | Feature description of DILI due to the drug |
|
Pakistan n = 264 |
Abid, 2020 [108] | 264 | Various drugs | No specific feature details presented for DILI caused by individual drugs |
|
Portugal n = 53 |
Costa-Moreira, 2020 [109] | 53 | Various drugs | Specific feature details of DILI caused by individual drugs were not provided |
|
Saudi Arabia n = 1 |
Alqrinawi, 2020 [110] | 1 | Menotropin | Perfect feature details of DILI by this specific drug |
|
Serbia n = 99 |
Miljkovic, 2010 [111] | 80 | Various drugs | No detailed feature description of DILI by individual drugs |
| Miljkovic, 2011 [112] | 19 | Various drugs | Lacking detailed feature presentation of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
|
Singapore n = 14 |
Wai, 2006 [113] | 14 | Various drugs | Limited feature description of DILI |
|
Spain n = 1181 |
Rodríguez, 1996 [114] | 35 | Various drugs | No feature details of DILI cases provided for individual drugs |
| Andrade, 2005 [115] | 461 | Various drugs | Limited feature description of DILI case details | |
| Andrade, 2006 [116] | 28 | Various drugs | Partial feature description of DILI by few drugs | |
| García-Cortés, 2008 [117] | 225 | Various drugs | Limited feature description of DILI by few drug groups | |
| Lucena, 2011 [118] | 78 | Amoxicillin Clavulanate | Careful feature description of DILI by the drug combination | |
| Lucena, 2011 [119] | 9 | Various drugs | Feature description of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Robles-Diaz, 2015 [120] | 25 | Anabolic and androgenetic steroids | Limited feature description of DILI | |
| Tong, 2015 [121] | 1 | Methylphenidate | Careful evaluation of feature details provided for this DILI case | |
| Medina-Calitz, 2016 [122] | 298 | Various drugs | No specific feature description for DILI by any drug | |
| López-Riera, 2018 [123] | 17 | Various drugs | Lack of specific feature presentation of DILI by any drug | |
| Machlab, 2019 [124] | 1 | Apixabam | Careful feature description of the DILI case caused by the drug | |
| Zoubek, 2019 [125] | 3 | Methyl-prednisolone | Perfect feature presentation of DILI | |
|
Sweden n = 1508 |
Björnsson, 2005 [126] | 784 | Various drugs | Detailed feature description of DILI by few drugs |
| De Valle, 2006 [127] | 77 | Various drugs | Limited feature description of DILI by a few drugs | |
| Björnsson, 2007 [128] | 77 | Various drugs | Lacking substantial feature description of DILI caused by few drugs | |
| Björnsson, 2007 [129] | 570 | Various drugs | Feature details of DILI presented | |
|
Switzerland n = 68 |
Goossens, 2013 [130] | 1 | Ibandronate | Detailed description of immune DILI features by ibandronate, a biphosphonate |
| Russmann, 2014 [131] | 14 | Rivaroxaban | Perfect individual feature presentation of each DILI case | |
| Scalfaro, 2017 [132] | 49 | Sacubitril Valsartan |
No feature details of DILI caused by the drugs | |
| Schneider, 2017 [133] | 1 | Zoledronic acid | Feature details provided for DILI by this drug | |
| Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, 2018 [134] | 1 | Atovaquon/Proguanil | Detailed feature description of DILI | |
| Visentin, 2018 [135] | 2 | NSAID Amoxicillin/Clavulanate |
Lack of feature details of DILI by individual drugs | |
|
Thailand n = 509 |
Treeprasertsuk, 2010 [136] | 80 | Various antibiotics | No feature details provided for DILI caused by individual drugs in the context of this epidemiology study |
| Sobhonslidsuk, 2016 [137] | 383 | Various drugs | Missing feature details of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Chayanupatkul, 2020 [138] | 46 | Various drugs | Feature details of DILI due to individual drugs not provided | |
| Duzenli, 2019 [139] | 1 | Phenprobamate | Detailed feature description of DILI by this drug | |
| Hussaini, 2007 [140] | 43 | Various antibiotics | No feature details of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Daly, 2009 [141] | 51 | Flucloxacillin | Excellent feature details presented for DILI cases | |
|
Turkey n = 1 |
Spraggs, 2011 [142] | 61 | Laptinib | Excellent feature description of DILI case |
|
United Kingdom n = 263 |
Islam, 2014 [143] | 1 | Anastrazole | Feature presentation of a patient with DILI due to anastrazole |
| Dyson, 2016 [144] | 1 | Sofosbuvir | Features of DILI by this drug provided | |
| Abbara, 2017 [145] | 105 | Various anti-Tuberculotics | Feature presentation of all DILI cases due to various anti-tuberculosis drugs | |
| Vliegenthart, 2017 [146] | 1 | Nitrofurantoin | Feature description of DILI by the drug | |
|
United States n = 20,311 |
Fontana, 2005 [147] | 2 | Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanate | Well described features of DILI caused by the drugs |
| Lee, 2005 [148] | 6448 | Ximelagatran | Perfect presentation of DILI features | |
| Stojanovski, 2007 [149] | 1 | Atomoxetine | Good DILI case feature presentation | |
| Lammert, 2008 [150] | 598 | Various drugs | No feature presentation of DILI by individual drugs | |
| Singla, 2010 [151] | 1 | Cephalexin | DILI features of a single case | |
| Nabha, 2012 [152] | 1 | Etravirine | Presentation of DILI feature | |
| Sprague, 2012 [153] | 1 | Varenicline | Careful DILI feature description | |
| Markova, 2013 [154] | 56 | Bosentan | Some global feature description | |
| Marumoto, 2013 [155] | 4 | NSAID | Limited feature details of DILI cases | |
| Bohm, 2014 [156] | 1 | Daptomycin | DILI feature description in this case | |
| Cheetham, 2014 [157] | 11,109 | Various drugs | No specific feature presentation of any drug under consideration | |
| Lim, 2014 [158] | 1 | Various drugs | No presentation of specific features of DILI by 4 drugs used concomitantly or sequentially | |
| Russo, 2014 [159] | 22 | Statins | No individual feature description for DILI caused by various statins | |
| Veluswamy, 2014 [160] | 1 | Polamidomide | Feature presentation of DILI | |
| Baig, 2015 [161] | 1 | Rivaroxaban | Good feature decription of this DILI case | |
| Hammerstrom, 2015 [162] | 1 | Amblodipine | Feature presentation of DILI caused by this drug | |
| Stine, 2015 [163] | 2 | Simeprevir | Detailed feature presentation of the DILI cases | |
| Tang, 2015 [164] | 1 | Bupropion, doxycycline | Complex feature presentation of DILI due to comedication | |
| Unger, 2016 [165] | 1 | Ciprofloxacin | Detailed feature description of DILI by this single drug | |
| Gharia, 2017 [166] | 1 | Letrozole | Perfect feature presentation of DILI | |
| Nicoletti, 2017 [167] | 339 | Various drugs | No specific feature details of DILI caused by individual drugs | |
| Gayam, 2018 [168] | 3 | Various drugs | Feature details of DILI by the drugs | |
| Hayashi, 2018 [169] | 493 | Various drugs | Lacking specific feature details of DILI by individual drugs | |
| Patel, 2018 [170] | 1 | Everolimus | Specific features described for DILI by this drug | |
| Shamberg, 2018 [171] | 34 | Various drugs | No specific features of DILI caused by individual drugs presented | |
| Cirulli, 2019 [172] | 268 | Various drugs | Feature details of DILI by individual drugs not provided | |
| Nicoletti, 2019 [173] | 197 | Flucloxacillin | Specific feature details of DILI by flucloxacillin were not provided | |
| Sandritter, 2019 [174] | 1 | Various drugs | No feature description of DILI by individual drugs | |
| Shumar, 2019 [175] | 1 | Memantine | Detailed feature description of DILI by this drug | |
| Tsung, 2019 [176] | 70 | Pembrolizumab | Features described in detail for DILI caused by this drug | |
| Xie, 2019 [177] | 1 | Anastrozole | Feature details of DILI presented | |
| Ghabril, 2020 [178] | 551 | Various drugs | No feature details of DILI by individual drugs | |
| Mullins, 2020 [179] | 99 | Micafungin | Feature details presented of DILI by this drug |
Abbreviations: CAMs, Causality Assessment Methods; DILI, Drug induced liver injury; NSAID, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; RUCAM, Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method.