Table 4.
Worldwide countries with a selection of published HILI cases assessed for causality using RUCAM.
| Country/ HILI Cases, n |
First Author/ Year |
HILI Cases, n |
Herbal Products | Comments on RUCAM Based HILI Cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Australia n = 2 |
Smith, 2016 [181] | 1 | Garcinia Cambogia | Careful feature detail description of HILI by this herb |
| Laube, 2019 [29] | 1 | Ginseng | Feature presentation of this single HILI case | |
|
Austria n = 2 |
Stadlbauer, 2005 [182] | 2 | Various herbs contained in Tahitian NONI juice | Features described for these HILI cases |
|
Brazil n = 1 |
Barcelos, 2019 [183] | 1 | Senecio brasiliensis | Complete feature description of HSOS caused by this herb |
|
China n = 10,914 |
Yuen, 2006 [184] | 7 | Various herbs | No specific feature description of HILI by individual herbs |
| Cheung, 2009 [185] | 3 | Psoralea corylifolia | Well described features of HILI cases | |
| Chau, 2011 [186] | 27 | Various herbs | Lacking feature presentation of HILI by individual herbs | |
| Lin, 2011 [187] | 1 | Gynura segetum | Perfect feature presentation of HSOS | |
| Gao, 2012 [188] | 5 | Gynura segetum | Excellent feature description of HSOS | |
| Lai, 2012 [189] | 74 | Various herbs Polygonum multiflorum |
Missing feature presentation of HILI by individual herbs | |
| Dong, 2014 [190] | 18 | Various herbs | Good feature presentation of HILI | |
| Hao, 2014 [37] | 8 | PA containing herbs | Lacking feature presentation of HILI by individual herbs | |
| Gao, 2015 [191] | 23 | Various herbs | Perfect feature presentation of HSOS cases | |
| Ou, 2015 [38] | 130 | Polygonum multiflorum | No feature description of HILI caused by the herb | |
| Wang, 2015 [192] | 40 | Polygonum multiflorum | Comprehensive feature description of HILI cases | |
| Zhu, 2015 [193] | 158 | Polygonum multiflorum | Detailed feature presentation of HILI cases | |
| Zhang, 2016 [194] | 54 | Various herbs | No feature details described of HILI by individual herbs | |
| Zhu, 2016 [42] | 866 | Various herbs | Missing feature details of HILI caused by individual herbs | |
| Li, 2017 [195] | 1 | Polygonum multiflorum | Excellent description of feature details provided for HILI case | |
| Chow, 2019 [196] | 1552 | Various herbs | No feature presentation of HILI by individual herbs but excellent listings | |
| Jing, 2019 [197] | 145 | Polygonum multiflorum | Missing feature presentation of HILI caused by individual herbs | |
| Li, 2019 [198] | 1 | Psoralea corylifolia | Perfect feature presentation of HILI | |
| Ni, 2019 [199] | 331 | Polygonum multiflorum | Feature description of HILI cases | |
| Shen, 2019 [48] | 6971 | Various herbs | No feature details presented for HILI by individual herbs | |
| Tan, 2019 [200] | 3 | Swietenia macrophylla | Perfect presentation of feature details for these HILI cases | |
| Zhu, 2019 [201] | 488 | Various herbs | Lacking feature details of HILI caused by individual herbs | |
| Gao, 2020 [202] | 1 | Psoralea | Feature description of this HILI case | |
| Xia, 2020 [203] | 7 | Swietenia macrophylla, syn skyfruit | Careful description of HILI features | |
|
Colombia n = 1 |
Cárdenas, 2006 [204] | 1 | Polygomun multiflorum | Features well described for this HILI case |
|
France n = 10 |
Parlati, 2017 [205] | 10 | Aloe vera | Excellent feature presentation of the HILI cases |
|
Germany n = 170 |
Teschke, 2009 [206] | 1 | Ayurveda herbs | Complete feature presentation of the HILI case |
| Teschke, 2011 [207] | 22 | Chelidonium majus syn. Greater Celandine | Complete feature description provided for HILI cases | |
| Teschke, 2012 [208] | 21 | Chelidonium majus syn. Greater Celandine | Thorough features presented of HILI cases | |
| Douros, 2015 [209] | 10 | Various herbs | No detailed features reported of HILI caused by individual herbs | |
| Teschke, 2015 [210] | 12 | Camellia sinensis, syn. Green tea, or Lu Cha | Feature details presented of HILI cases | |
| Melchart, 2017 [211] | 26 | Herbal TCMs | Well described features of HILI caused by individual TCM herbs | |
| Diener, 2018 [212] | 10 | Petasites hybridus | Provided features of HILI by this herb | |
| Anderson, 2019 [213] | 48 | Petasites hybridus | Description of HILI features | |
| Gerhardt, 2019 [214] | 1 | Chelidonium majus, syn. Greater Celandine | HILI features described | |
| Teschke, 2019 [215] | 19 | Camellia sinensis | Careful feature presentation of HILI cases | |
|
India n = 117 |
Philips, 2018 [216] | 94 | Ayurvedic and other herbs | Features not individually described for HILI by various herbs |
| Philips, 2019 [217] | 17 | Various herbs | No detailed features presented for HILI cases by individual herbs | |
|
Italy n = 77 |
Lapi, 2010 [218] | 1 | Serenoa repens | Detailed feature presentation of HILI |
| Mazzanti, 2015 [219] | 19 | Camellia sinensis, syn. green tea | Careful feature description of HILI cases | |
| Sáez-González, 2016 [220] | 1 | Chelidonium majus | Feature details of the HILI case | |
| Mazzanti, 2017 [221] | 55 | Red yeast rice | Thorough feature presentation of HILI | |
| Osborne, 2019 [222] | 1 | Mitragyna speciosa, syn. Kraton | Individual feature details not provided for the HILI case |
|
|
Japan n = 3 |
Tsuda, 2010 [223] | 1 | Saireito | Perfect feature details presented for the HILI case |
| Hisamochi, 2013 [224] | 2 | Agaricus blazei Murill | Excellent presentation of HILI features | |
|
Korea n = 2507 |
Ahn, 2004 [225] | 64 | Various herbs | Missing feature presentation of HILI by individual herbs |
| Seo, 2006 [226] | 17 | Various herbs | No individual feature description of HILI by specific herbs | |
| Kang, 2008 [227] | 66 | Various herbs | Lacking feature details of HILI by individual herbs | |
| Sohn, 2008 [228] | 24 | Various herbs | Feature details of HILI by individual herbs not provided | |
| Kang, 2009 [229] | 1 | Corydalis speciosa | Perfect feature details provided for this single HILI | |
| Kim, 2009 [230] | 2 | Arrowroot, syn. ge Gen | Excellent presentation of features for these HILI cases | |
| Bae, 2010 [231] | 1 | Polygonum multiflorum | Careful feature details presented for this HILI case | |
| Yang, 2010 [232] | 3 | Aloe vera or arborescens | Thorough description of features of these HILI cases | |
| Jung, 2011 [233] | 25 | Polygonum | Excellent feature presentation of the HILI cases | |
| Kim, 2012 [234] | 1 | multiflorum | Perfect feature description for this HILI case | |
| Suk, 2012 [100] | 149 | Hovenia dulcis, syn. Juguju | No feature description of HILI caused by individual herbs | |
| Lee, 2015 [235] | 27 | Various herbs | Lacking feature details of HILI caused by individual herbs | |
| Lee, 2015 [236] | 97 | Various herbs | Feature details of HILI cases caused by individual herbs were not provided | |
| Woo, 2015 [102] | 5 | Various herbs | No feature details presented for HILI by individual herbs | |
| Cho, 2017 [237] | 6 | Various herbs | Missing feature details of HILI cases by individual herbs | |
| Byeon, 2019 [103] | 2019 | Various herbs | No detailed feature description of HILI by individual herbs | |
|
Singapore n = 25 |
Wai, 2006 [113] | 15 | Various herbs | No detailed features presented for HILI cases by individual herbs |
| Teo, 2016 [238] | 10 | Various herbs | Missing feature details of HILI cases | |
|
South Africa n = 47 |
Awortwe, 2018 [239] | 47 | Various herbs | Features were not provided for cases of HILI caused by individual herbs |
|
Spain n = 46 |
Andrade, 2005 [115] | 9 | Various herbs | No feature details of HILI by individual herbs |
| Jimenez-Saenz, 2006 [240] | 1 | Camellia sinensis | Feature details presented for this HILI case | |
| García-Cortés, 2008 [241] | 13 | Various herbs | Lacking feature details of HILI caused by individual herbs | |
| García-Cortés, 2008 [117] | 5 | Various herbs | Specific feature details of HILI by individual herbs not provided | |
| Medina-Caliz, 2018 [242] | 18 | Camellia sinensis and other herbs | No specific feature details provided for HILI | |
|
Sweden n = 5 |
Björnsson, 2007 [243] | 5 | Camellia sinensis | Feature details provided for HILI cases |
|
Switzerland n = 1 |
Ruperti-Repilado, 2019 [244] | 1 | Artemisia annua | Careful feature presentation of this HILI case |
|
Turkey n = 1 |
Yilmaz, 2015 [245] | 1 | Lesser Celandine, syn. Pilewort | Excellent feature presentation of the HILI case |
|
United States n = 100 |
Papafragkakis, 2016 [246] | 1 | Chinese skullcap plus Black catechu | Perfect feature presentation of this HILI case |
| Dalal, 2017 [247] | 1 | Ayurvedic herb | Specific case features described | |
| Kesavarapu, 2017 [248] | 1 | Yogi Detox tea with multiple herbs | Individual specific features not provided for this HILI case caused specifically by a single herb | |
| Kothadia, 2018 [249] | 19 | Garcinia Cambogia | Careful feature presentation of HILI cases | |
| Surapaneni, 2018 [250] | 19 | Camellia sinensis | Feature details provided for the HILI case | |
| Imam, 2019 [251] | 1 | Curcumin | Thorough feature description of the HILI case | |
| Yousaf, 2019 [252] | 9 | Garcinia Cambogia | Excellent feature description of the HILI case | |
| Oketch-Rabah, 2020 [253] | 29 | Camellia sinensis extract | Perfect feature presentation of HILI by this herb | |
| Schimmel, 2020 [254] | 20 | Mitragyna speciosa, syn. Kraton | Feature details provided for HILI cases |
Abbreviations: DILI, Drug induced liver injury; HILI, Herb induced liver injury; HSOS, Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome; RUCAM, Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method, TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicines; USP, United States Pharmacopeia; WHO, World Health Organizations.