Table 8.

RCTs examining the effect of vitamin C, or α-tocopherol ONS on PSA concentrations among men with PCa or increased PCa risk.

First Author	Origin	Masking	Duration	Patients	Interventions	Results
Lasalvia-Prisco [160]	IT	NR	42 d	n = 20 men with PCa	1. Vitamin C (5 g/m2/d) + menadione (50 mg/m2/d) on 7-d courses, beginning on d-1 and 22 (n = 5) 2. Menadione (50 mg/m2/d) on 7-d courses, beginning on d-1 and 22 (n = 5) 3. Vitamin C (5 g/m2/d) on 7-d courses, beginning on d-1 and 22 (n = 5) 4. placebo (n = 5)	For group 1, the rise of PSA at d-15 and the fall of PSA at d 22, 29, 36, and 42 were different compared with the controls.
Herná-andez [161]	US	Double-blind	18 mo	n = 44 men with high PSA and/or abnormal DRE	1. 400 IU vitamin E (n = 22) 2. Placebo (n = 22)	Tocopherol supplementation did not affect PSA.

DRE, digital rectal examination; IU, international units; PCa, prostate cancer; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; RCT, randomized controlled trials.