Table 10.
RCTs examining the effect of fatty acids supplementation, or frequent intake of foods rich in fatty acids, on serum PSA concentrations among men with PCa or increased PCa risk.
| First Author | Origin | Masking | Duration | Patients | Interventions | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chan [196] | US | Double-blind | 3 mo | n = 84 men with low-burden PCa, choosing AS for disease management | 1. 3 × 1 g fish oil caps/d (1098 mg EPA + 549 mg DHA) (n = 27) 2. 2 × 15 mg lycopene caps/d (n = 29) 3. Placebo (n = 28) |
No difference was observed in Δ PSA concentrations post-intervention, between lycopene or fish oil. |
| Higashihara [197] | JP | NR | 2 yrs | n = 62 men with PCa and post-surgical PSA < 0.2 ng/mL at 3 mo | 1. EPA (2.4 g/d) (n = 32) 2. Control group without intervention (n = 30) |
The recurrence-free survival rate did not differ between groups. |
| Simon ‡ [199] | US | NR | 6 mo each arm (4 mo washout) | n = 40 middle-aged men | 1. Walnut consumption (35 g/d, 12% TEI) (n = 40) 2. No ONS (n = 40) |
No difference was observed in the PSA concentrations. |
| Spaccarotella ‡ [198] | US | NR | 8 wks | n = 21 men at risk for PCa | 1. Usual diet + walnut ONS (75 g/d) isocaloric to habitual diet (n = 21) 2. Usual diet, no ONS (n = 21) |
A linear mixed model revealed that, although PSA was unchanged, the ratio of free:total PSA was increased. |
| Brouwer [200] | NL | Double-blind | 40 mo | n = 1622 men with a history of a MI (60–80 yrs) with an initial PSA < 4 ng/mL | 1. ALA (2 g/d) in margarine spreads (n = 807) 2. Placebo in margarine spreads (n = 815) |
Mean serum PSA increased by 0.42 ng/mL in the placebo group and by 0.52 ng/mL in the ALA group (NS). |
| Hamazaki [201] | JP | NR | 12 wks | n = 20 men (>50 years old) without PCa diagnosis | 1. EPA (2.4 g/d) (n = 10) 2. No intervention (n = 10) |
No differences were observed in the PSA concentrations between the two groups. |
ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; AS, active surveillance; CI, confidence intervals; CHO, carbohydrates; CoQ10, coenzyme Q10; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; GLA, γ-linolenic acid; LFFO, low fat/fish oil; MI, myocardial infarction; NR, not reported; NS, not significant; PCa, prostate cancer; PRO, proteins; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; RCT, randomized controlled trials; TEI, total energy intake. ‡ cross-over trial.