Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Total (n = 10,827) | Non-Hyperuricemic (n = 9519) | Hyperuricemic (n = 1308) | p | Regular HR (n = 10,697) | Irregular HR (n = 130) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 46.6 ± 0.3 | 47.0 ± 0.3 | 44.4 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | 46.5 ± 0.3 | 62.2 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, male | 50.0 (0.5) | 45.9 (0.5) | 76.6 (1.3) | <0.0001 | 49.9 (0.5) | 62.8 (5.2) | 0.0072 |
| Urban residence | 85.1 (1.7) | 85.0 (1.7) | 85.9 (1.9) | 0.5320 | 85.1 (1.7) | 88.4 (2.9) | 0.2678 |
| Occupation | 64.8 (0.7) | 64.4 (0.7) | 67.4 (1.7) | 0.0789 | 64.9 (0.7) | 52.0 (5.4) | 0.0139 |
| Income (lowest quartile) | 15.1 (0.7) | 15.1 (0.7) | 15.2 (1.3) | 0.9276 | 15.1 (0.7) | 24.2 (4.2) | 0.0090 |
| Low education level a | 23.0 (0.8) | 23.5 (0.8) | 19.6 (1.3) | 0.0011 | 22.8 (0.8) | 44.6 (4.9) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never | 59.4 (0.6) | 61.8 (0.6) | 43.7 (1.6) | 59.6 (0.6) | 43.4 (5.2) | ||
| Former | 19.0 (0.4) | 18.2 (0.4) | 24.3 (1.4) | 18.8 (0.4) | 41.2 (5.1) | ||
| Current | 21.6 (0.6) | 20.0 (0.6) | 32.0 (1.5) | 21.6 (0.6) | 15.4 (4.6) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.0001 | 0.1677 | |||||
| None | 22.1 (0.6) | 23.1 (0.6) | 15.9 (1.1) | 22.1 (0.6) | 29.9 (4.9) | ||
| <30 g/day | 68.7 (0.6) | 68.8 (0.6) | 67.8 (1.5) | 68.7 (0.6) | 63.5 (5.3) | ||
| ≥30 g/day | 9.2 (0.3) | 8.1 (0.3) | 16.4 (1.3) | 9.3 (0.3) | 6.6 (2.5) | ||
| Physical activity b | 47.6 (0.7) | 47.0 (0.7) | 51.7 (1.7) | 0.0062 | 47.6 (0.7) | 45.1 (5.6) | 0.6466 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 0.1 | 25.9 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | 0.4654 |
| WC, cm | 82.2 ± 0.2 | 81.3 ± 0.2 | 88.3 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 82.2 ± 0.2 | 84.1 ± 0.9 | 0.0301 |
| HR, per minute | 57.6 ± 0.6 | 57.2 ± 0.6 | 60.0 ± 2.1 | 0.1980 | 55.9 ± 0.6 | 68.5 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 |
| HR irregularity | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 2.1 (0.5) | <0.0001 | |||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 117.5 ± 0.2 | 116.9 ± 0.2 | 121.8 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 117.5 ± 0.2 | 122.1 ± 1.6 | 0.0043 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 75.9 ± 0.2 | 75.4 ± 0.2 | 79.4 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 76.0 ± 0.2 | 73.0 ± 1.0 | 0.0034 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 99.5 ± 0.3 | 99.4 ± 0.3 | 100.5 ± 0.6 | 0.0720 | 99.5 ± 0.3 | 107.2 ± 3.3 | 0.0198 |
| Total C, mg/dL | 193.5 ± 0.5 | 192.3 ± 0.5 | 201.3 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 | 193.6 ± 0.5 | 180.5 ± 3.6 | 0.0003 |
| TG c, mg/dL | 112.4 (110.7–114.1) | 106.9 (105.3–108.5) | 155.8 (148.6–163.3) | <0.0001 | 112.4 (110.7–114.1) | 109.8 (98.3–122.6) | 0.6756 |
| eGFR d, mL/min/1.73m2 | 96.5 ± 0.3 | 97.7 ± 0.3 | 88.3 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | 96.6 ± 0.3 | 83.1 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.14 ± 0.02 | 4.77 ± 0.01 | 7.53 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 | 5.13 ± 0.02 | 5.66 ± 0.19 | 0.0072 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 1.18 ± 0.02 | 1.12 ± 0.02 | 1.55 ± 0.07 | <0.0001 | 1.17 ± 0.02 | 1.71 ± 0.34 | 0.1139 |
| Obesity e | 34.9 (0.6) | 31.6 (0.7) | 56.4 (1.6) | <0.0001 | 34.9 (0.6) | 35.9 (4.6) | 0.8276 |
| Abdominal obesity f | 28.3 (0.7) | 25.5 (0.7) | 47.0 (1.6) | <0.0001 | 28.3 (0.7) | 32.7 (4.8) | 0.3307 |
| Hyperuricemia | 13.2 (0.4) | 13.1 (0.4) | 29.5 (5.3) | <0.0001 | |||
| Hypertension | 26.9 (0.6) | 25.1 (0.6) | 38.4 (1.7) | <0.0001 | 26.7 (0.6) | 51.4 (5.1) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10.4 (0.4) | 10.3 (0.4) | 10.6 (1.0) | 0.7933 | 10.2 (0.4) | 22.1 (3.9) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 20.0 (0.5) | 19.5 (0.5) | 23.6 (1.4) | 0.0032 | 20.0 (0.5) | 18.3 (3.7) | 0.6596 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.1) | 7.9 (0.7) | <0.0001 | 2.1 (0.2) | 11.2 (3.1) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.6 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.3184 | 3.4 (0.2) | 15.9 (3.0) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as weighted mean ± standard error (SE) or weighted percentage (SE). a Low education level means middle school graduate or less. b Physical activity refers to more than 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or more than 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. c TG values are presented as a geometric mean (95% confidence interval). d An eGFR calculated from serum creatinine using an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation. e Obesity is defined as a BMI ≥25 kg/m2. f Abdominal obesity is defined as a WC >90 cm in men or >85 cm in women. Abbreviations: HR, heart rate; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BP, blood pressure; C, cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.