Table 3.
Characteristics of samples (n = 47).
| Reference | % of Male Participants | Mean Age (Years) of Patients with TBI | Mean Time after Injury | Severity of TBI | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [10] | 0 | 77 | NR | NR | 1 TBI patient 1 healthy control |
| [11] | 78 | 36.26 | 11.20 months | NR | 80 TBI patients |
| [12] | 100 | 45 | NR | mild | 1 TBI patient |
| [13] | 100 | 21 | 4 years | NR | 1 TBI patient |
| [14] | 0 | 67 | 62 years | NR | 1 TBI patient |
| [15] | 0 | 20 | 8 years | severe | 1 TBI patient |
| [16] | 76 | 34 | NR | mild to severe | 30 TBI patients |
| [17] | 75 | 30.73 | 7.04 months | moderate to severe | 32 TBI patients |
| [18] | 45 | NR | 78 of days (median) | NR | 69 TBI patients |
| [19] | 0 | 22 | 10 years | severe | 1 TBI patient |
| [20] | 68 | 15.1 | 23.0 months | NR | 65 TBI patients |
| [21] | 35 | 34.5 | 1671.3 days | mild to severe | 19 TBI patients |
| [22] | 87 | 35.52 | NR | NR | 94 TBI patients |
| [23] | NR | 43.68 | 103 months | severe | 25 TBI patients |
| [24] | 74 | 32 | 8.7 months | moderate to severe | 43 TBI patients |
| [25] | 100 | 35.3 | 6.6 years | mild | 56 TBI patients |
| [26] | 95 | 25.79 | 6 weeks | mild to moderate | 19 TBI patients 14 healthy controls |
| [27] | 80 | 29.5 | NR | mild | 60 TBI patients 32 healthy controls |
| [28] | NR | 35.4 | 39.1 months | mild | 10 nonaphasic speaker TBI patients 13 neurologically intact controls |
| [29] | 57 | 32 | 25 months | mild to severe | 7 TBI patients 7 patients with right brain damage |
| [30] | 82 | 37.3 | NR | mild to severe | 377 TBI patients |
| [31] | 90 | 30.3 | 2.13 months | mild | 30 TBI patients 30 healthy controls |
| [32] | 91 | 33.6 | 6.72 years | severe | 11 TBI patients 11 healthy controls |
| [33] | NR | 36.18 | 48.6 months | moderate to severe | 20 severe TBI patients 20 moderate TBI patients 20 healthy controls |
| [34] | 69 | 25.53 | 8.6 months | severe | 29 TBI patients 38 healthy controls |
| [35] | 85 | 40.5 | 335 days (median) | mild to severe | 27 TBI patients 18 healthy controls |
| [36] | 80 | 36.9 | 262 days | severe | 20 TBI patients with adequate levels of self-awareness 20 healthy controls |
| [37] | 0 | 14.0 | <6 months, 7 patients ≥6 months and <12 months, 3 patients ≥12 months, 10 patients |
NR | 20 TBI patients 7 healthy controls |
| [38] | 45 | 44.55 | NR | mild | 95 TBI patients who passed the performance validity measures 60 TBI patients who failed the performance validity measures |
| [42] | 75 | 37.6 | 37.7 months | mild to severe | 176 TBI patients 49 patients with diffuse neurological impairment 20 healthy controls |
| [43] | 51 | 51.25 | NR | moderate to severe | 73 TBI patients 60 patients with no TBI |
| [44] | 77 | 36.56 | 22 months | mild to severe | 39 mild TBI patients 57 severe TBI patients |
| [45] | 85 | 30.6 | 0.9 years median interval | severe | 29 TBI patients with good metacognitive self-awareness 23 TBI patients with heightened metacognitive self-awareness |
| [46] | NR | 40.97 | 954.57 days | mild | 77 TBI patients grouped as disabled or impaired |
| [47] | 94 | 51.2 | 23.5 years | mild to severe | 18 TBI patients with a history of at least one suicide attempt 29 TBI patients with no history of suicide attempt |
| [48] | 90 | 39.3 | NR | mild to moderate | 9 mild TBI patients 11 moderate TBI patients 27 healthy controls |
| [49] | NR | 38.18 | NR | mild to severe | 30 mild TBI patients 30 moderate TBI patients 30 severe TBI patients |
| [39] | NR | 36.6 | 22.4 months | moderate | 10 TBI patients 20 healthy controls |
| [40] | 67 | 38.8 | 153 months | moderate to severe | 6 planner TBI patients 11 avoider TBI patients |
| [41] | 91 | 43.29 | NR | NR | 30 anosmic TBI patients 36 nonanosmic TBI patients |
| [50] | 94 | 32 | 4.35 years | mild to moderate | 16 TBI patients treated with supported employment plus Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) 18 TBI patients treated with enhanced supported employment |
| [51] | 96 | 31.76 | 4.56 years | mild to moderate | 25 TBI patients treated with supported employment plus Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) 25 TBI patients treated with enhanced supported employment |
| [52] | NR | 37.6 | 8.05 years | NR | 12 TBI treated with growth hormone replacement therapy 11 TBI treated with placebo |
| [53] | 38 | 45.3 | 12.6 years | mild to severe | 49 TBI patients treated with a problem-solving and emotional regulation program 49 TBI patients in waitlist |
| [54] | 73 | 34.9 | 20.35 days | moderate to severe | 49 TBI patients treated with sertraline 50 mg 50 TBI patients treated with placebo |
| [55] | 90 | 29.54 | NR | mild to severe | 30 TBI patients treated with neuro-feedback training 30 TBI patients in waitlist |
| [56] | NR | NR | NR | mild to moderate | 20 TBI patients treated with an artificial intelligence virtual reality-based vocational training system 20 TBI patients treated with a psycho-educational vocational training program |
NR: not reported; Percent of male participants is rounded to integer numbers.