Figure 2.

Increment of complexity in cell culture methods for PDAC research: cancer research is moving forward from monolayer cultures towards the use of spheroids. Including a second cell line, e.g., fibroblasts, into the model further increases the complexity. One-step further, spheroids are injected into mice for an advanced model in vivo with the possibility to mimic the progression of small metastases to tumors. On the other hand, using biotechnological state-of-the-art, for example HepaChip^®, allows for measurement of cell reactions directly with electrodes.