Table 2.

Three-dimensional models for PDAC research and their application.

3D Model	Field of Interest	Literature
Multicellular spheroids	Protein levels	[40,65,66]
	Hypoxia marker	[38]
	Drug screening	[42,43,67,68]
	MicroRNA expression	[43]
	qRT-PCR	[43]
Organoids	KRAS or other genetic mutation	[46,69]
	Orthotopic transplantation	[48,70,71]
	Subcutaneous transplantation	[70]
	PanIN development	[48]
Co-cultures	Invasive behavior	[50,70]
	Therapy resistance	[68,72,73]
	Migration	[41,74]
	EMT marker expression	[74]
	Proliferation	[73]
	T-cell inhibition	[52]
	Protein expression	[73]
	Signaling pathways	[37]
Biotechnical microsystems	Drug response	[56,57,58]
	Marker and factor expression	[56]
	Hypoxia	[75]