Figure 9.

Intracellular ROS was induced by FKB in A375 cells. (A) A375 cells were treated with FKB (10 μg/mL) for 0–90 min. (B) Cells were pretreated with or without 5 mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (a ROS inhibitor) for 1 h followed by FKB (10 μg/mL) for 30 min. The non-fluorescent probe 2′-7′dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH₂-DA) was used to measure the intracellular ROS generation. DCFH₂-DA reacted with cellular ROS and metabolized into fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which was proportionate to the generation of ROS. The data were represented as fold-over change in the ROS levels compared to the control, which was arbitrarily assigned as one. Each value was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three experiments. Statistical significance was assigned as * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 compared to untreated control cells. ^### p < 0.001 compared to FKB alone treated cells.