Table 2.
Anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal parameters before and after very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in obese and overweight patients.
| Obese (n = 34) | Overweight (n = 4) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Before VLCKD | After VLCKD | Before VLCKD | After VLCKD |
| Weight (kg) | 115.2 ± 3.8 | 93.0 ± 3.1 † | 85.2 ± 3.8 | 73.3 ± 3.2 * |
| WC (cm) | 128.2 ± 2.4 | 105.5 ± 2.3 † | 114.3 ± 1.4 | 93.0 ± 1.8 † |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 38.6 ± 1.1 | 31.2 ± 0.9 † | 28.4 ± 0.4 | 24.5 ± 0.6 * |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 97.0 ± 3.3 | 85.3 ± 2.0 † | 87.8 ± 2.3 | 78.8 ± 2.3 * |
| Insulin (µUI/mL) | 21.3 ± 2.2 | 6.1 ± 0.4 † | 13.7 ± 4.2 | 6.1 ± 1.5 |
| HOMA index | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.1 † | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 203.4 ± 9.1 | 166.8 ± 5.0 † | 211.3 ± 8.5 | 162.8 ± 10.7 * |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 42.2 ± 1.5 | 48.8 ± 1.8 † | 40.5 ± 2.6 | 49.0 ± 5.0 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 129.4 ± 7.5 | 101.5 ± 4.7 † | 143.4 ± 8.8 | 96.1 ± 10.3 * |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 159.1 ± 18.2 | 83.5 ± 4.6 † | 137.0 ± 22.8 | 88.5 ± 16.6 * |
| AST (U/L) | 35.7 ± 5.3 | 24.0 ± 1.2 * | 20.5 ± 3.4 | 18.3 ± 3.1 * |
| ALT (U/L) | 41.1 ± 5.3 | 25.9 ± 1.9 † | 24.8 ± 5.9 | 21.0 ± 4.1 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.02* | 0.89 ± 0.00 | 0.93 ± 0.03 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.7 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 0.8 |
| Vitamin D (mg/L) | 20.6 ± 1.1 | 39.2 ± 1.9 † | 14.3 ± 1.9 | 32.5 ± 2.9 † |
| LH (IU/L) | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.2 † | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.5 |
| TT (ng/dL) | 382.0 ± 21.2 | 498.4 ± 30.4 † | 357.0 ± 27.8 | 471.3 ± 38.4 † |
| PSA (ng/mL) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 † | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
* p < 0.01 vs. before VLCKD; † p < 0.05 vs. before VLCKD. Legend: WC = waist circumference; BMI = body mass index; HOMA = Homeostasis Model Assessment; HDL = High-density lipoprotein; LDL = Low-density lipoprotein; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; LH = luteinizing hormone; TT = total testosterone; PSA = prostate-specific antigen.