Table 2.
SPE-based sensors for Salmonella and Listeria detection in foods.
| Serotype | Sensor Construction | Detect. Tech. | Conc. Range | LOD | Analysis Time | Sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum | Immunoassay; HRP as indirect label; ERGO/PVA-PDMS/SPCE | CV | 10–109 CFU/mL | 1.61 CFU/mL | ≈31 min | Chicken, eggs | [70] |
| Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum | Immunoassay (sandwich); HRP as label; IL/Ab/AuNP/SPCE | CV | 104–109 CFU/mL | 3 × 103 CFU/mL | ≈81 min | Chicken, eggs | [71] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay (sandwich); Ab-coated MB; Ag measurement; Avidin-SPCE | DPASV | 10–106 CFU/mL | 12.6 CFU/mL | ≈105 min | Milk, green bean sprouts, eggs | [81] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay; Au-coated MB/SAM/Ab; CdSNP as label; SPCE | SWASV | 10–106 cell/mL | 13 cells/mL | ≈40 min | Milk | [68] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay (sandwich); Ab on MB-MWCNT-Methylene Blue (which is the label); Avidin-SPCE | DPV | 10–106 CFU/mL in buffer and milk | 7.9 CFU/mL in buffer; 17.3 CFU/mL in milk | ≈55 min | Milk | [74] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay (sandwich); Capture Ab on MB; AuNP as label; SPCE | DPV | 103–106 cell/mL | 143 cells/mL | ≈95 min | Milk | [69] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay; Label free; Ferrocyanide measurement; rG-GO/SPCE | EIS | − | 101 CFU/mL in samples | ≈15 min | Water, orange juice | [72] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Aptasensor; Label free; diazonium salt- modified SPCE | EIS | 10–108 CFU/mL | 6 CFU/mL | ≈45 min | Apple juice | [73] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Paper-based immunoassay (sandwich); AuNP as label; SPCE | C | 10–108 CFU/mL | 10 CFU/mL | ≈35 min | Water | [76] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay (sandwich); HRP as label; SPAuE | CA | 10–107 CFU/mL | ≈20 CFU/mL | ≈150 min | Chicken | [82] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay (sandwich); HRP as label; SAM/Protein A/SPAuE | CA | − | 10 CFU/mL | ≈125 min | Milk | [62] |
| Salmonella (no serotype) | Immunoassay (sandwich); Capture Ab on MB; QD (CdTe) dendron as label; BiSPCE | SWASV | − | 4 CFU/mL | ≈80 min | Milk | [77] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay; Label free; SAM/GA/Ab/2-SPAuE | EIS | 103–108 CFU/mL | 103 CFU/mL | ≈20 min | Milk | [79] |
| Salmonella. Typhimurium (and E. coli O157:H7) | Immunoassay (sandwich); Capture biotinylated Ab on stretavidin-MB; GOX-as label; SP-IDME (gold) | EIS | 102–106 CFU/mL for both | 1.66 × 103 CFU/mL (3.90 × 102 CFU/mL for E. coli) | ≈180 min | Chicken carcass (ground beef for E. coli) | [83] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella aureus (and E. coli) | Antimicrobial petide melittin on MB; SP-IDME (silver) | EIS | 10–104 CFU/mL; 10–106 CFU/mL (1–106 CFU/mL for E. coli) | 10 CFU/mL for both (1 CFU/mL for E. coli) | ≈30 min | Water, apple juice | [84] |
| Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum | Immunoassay (sandwich); Capture Ab on AuNP-modified MB (SiO2/Fe3O4); HRP as label; 4-SPCE | CV | 102–106 CFU/mL | 32 CFU/mL | ≈70 min | Chicken | [85] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Immunoassay (sandwich); Capture Ab on MB; AuNP as label; µFD-8-SPCE | DPV | 10.0–100.0 cell/mL in milk | 7.7 cells/mL | ≈75 min | Milk | [75] |
| Salmonella (no serotype) | Immunoassay (sandwich); HRP as label; 96-well SPCE plate | IPA | 5 × 106–5 × 108 CFU/mL | 2 × 106 CFU/mL | ≈100 min | Pork, chicken, beef | [80] |
| Salmonella (no serotype) (Multiplexed: E. coli, Campylobacter) | Immunoassay (sandwich); specific nanolabel for each specie (CuS, CdS, PbS); MWCNT-PAH/SPCE | SWASV | 103–5 × 105 cell/mL | 400 cells/mL for Salmonella and Campylobacter; 800 cells/mL for E. coli | ≈70 min | Milk | [78] |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Immunoassay (sandwich); Ab capture on MB; Ab detection/urease (as label) modified AuNP; SP-IDE (gold) | EIS | 1.9 × 103–1.9 × 106 CFU/mL | 1.6 × 103 CFU/mL | ≈115 min | Lettuce | [86] |
| Listeria innocua Serovar 6b | Label-free; Bacteriophage endolysin CBD500 covalent immobilized on SPAuE | EIS | 104–109 CFU/mL | 1.1 × 104 CFU/mL | ≈25 min | Milk | [87] |
4-SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode with 4 working electrodes; 2-SPE: screen-printed electrode with 2 working electrodes; 8-SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode with 8 working electrodes; µFD: microfluidic device; Ab: antibody; AP: alkaline phosphatase; AuNP: gold nanoparticles; BiSPCE: Bi film-modified screen-printed carbon electrode; C: conductometry; CA: chronoamperometry; CdSNP: CdS nanoparticles; CV: cyclic voltammetry; DPASV: differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; ERGO: electrochemically reduced graphene oxide; GA: Glutaraldehyde; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; GOX: glucose oxidase; IL: ionic liquid; IPA: intermittent pulse amperometry; MB: magnetic beads; MWCNT: multiwalled carbon nanotube; n.r: not reported; LSV: linear sweep voltammetry; PAH: polyallylamine; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; QD: Quantum Dot; rG-GO: reduced graphene-graphene oxide; SPAuE: screen-printed gold electrode; SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode; SP-IDME: screen-printed interdigitated electrode; SWASV: square wave anodic stripping voltammetry.