BMD	bone mineral density
bALP	bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
β-CTX	β-collagen I carboxy terminal telopeptide
BO	Barrett’s esophagus
Ca	calcium
CAD	coronary artery disease
cagA	cytotoxin-associated gene A
CagA	cytotoxin associated antigen A
CHF	congestive heart failure
CKD	chronic kidney disease
COPD	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CVD	cardiovascular disease
DC	dendritic cell
DM	diabetes mellitus
GERD	gastroesophageal reflux disease
HRT	hormone replacement therapy
H.p.	Helicobacter pylori
HPI	Helicobacter pylori infection
H2RA	histamine-2 receptor antagonist
HR	hazard ratio
IL	interleukin
ITT	idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Mg	magnesium
MALT	mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue B-cell lymphoma
MAFLD	metabolic associated fatty liver disease
OC	osteocalcin
OF	osteoporotic fracture
OP	osteoporosis
OPG	osteoprotegerin
RF	risk factor
P1NP	N-terminal cross-links of human procollagen type I
PO4	phosphate
PPI	proton pump inhibitor
PTH	parathyroid hormone
PUD	peptic ulcer disease
RA	rheumatoid arthritis
RANK	receptor activator of nuclear factor κB
RANKL	receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) ligand
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha