TG priming enhanced type I/III IFN-dependent gene expression. (A–G) NHBE cells were incubated for 30 min with DMSO or 0.01 µM TG and subsequently infected with USSR H1N1 virus at 0.5 MOI for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted from each sample for type I/III IFN and indicated associated gene expression, normalised to 18S rRNA. Significance determined by two-way ANOVA, relative to corresponding DMSO control. (H) Vero cells were primed with TG as indicated for 30 min, washed twice with PBS and infected with USSR virus 0.5 MOI. Viral RNA extraction was performed on culture media at 24 and 48 hpi followed by one-step reverse transcription qPCR to detect the relative copy number of M-gene RNA, based on relative Ct method. Vero cells are unable to produce type I IFNs, which appear necessary for TG to induce an antiviral state. Indicated significance based 2-way RM ANOVA relative to corresponding DMSO control. *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.