Table 2.
Neuropsychological tests results.
| Healthy Controls | SUD Group | Student’s t-Test and p Values for Comparisons | Cohen’s d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COGNITIVE RESERVE | 11.70 + 0.99 | 9.07 + 0.53 | t(25) = −2.38, p = 0.03 * | 0.9 |
| Attention, psychomotor speed and visual searching | ||||
| d2 | ||||
| -Effectiveness index | 421.9 + 28 | 333.6 + 17.9 | F(1,24) = −7.33, p = 0.01 * | 1.03 |
| -Concentration index | 158.8 + 11.7 | 106.1 + 13.9 | F(1,24) = 6.08, p = 0.02 * | 1.10 |
| -Variability index | 12.8 + 1.3 | 19 + 2.1 | F(1,24) = 4.36, p = 0.04 * | 1.23 |
| Trail making test | ||||
| -Version A (s) | 24.9 + 2.3 | 32.1 + 5.2 | F(1,24) = 0.12, p = 0.73 | |
| -Version B (s) | 64.9 + 7.4 | 83.5 + 13.4 | F(1,24) = 0.25, p = 0.62 | |
| Declarative memory | ||||
| TAVEC | ||||
| -Trial 1 | 7.2 + 0.4 | 6 + 0.5 | F(1,24) = 1.79, p = 0.19 | |
| -Trial 5 | 14.2 + 0.4 | 12.1 + 0.7 | F(1,24) = 5.20, p = 0.03 * | 1.3 |
| -Total trials | 58.6 + 1.5 | 48.3 + 2.8 | F(1,24) = 6.29, p = 0.02 * | 1.4 |
| -Free STM | 6.7 + 0.3 | 4.9 + 0.2 | F(1,24) = 6.75, p = 0.02 * | 1.2 |
| -STM with semantic cues | 13.8 + 0.7 | 10.6 + 0.8 | F(1,24) = 6.34, p = 0.02 * | 1.5 |
| -Free LTM | 14.2 + 0.4 | 10.5 + 0.8 | F(1,24) = 9.61, p = 0.005 * | 1.8 |
| -LTM with semantic cues | 14.4 + 0.4 | 10.6 + 0.8 | F(1,24) = 11.10, p = 0.003 * | 2.5 |
| -Semantic strategy use during the list acquisition | 18.8 + 2.8 | 10.9 + 2.1 | F(1,24) = 4.90, p = 0.04 * | 0.9 |
| -Semantic strategy use during free STM | 6 + 0.8 | 3.8 + 0.9 | F(1,24) = 1.65, p = 0.21 | |
| -Semantic strategy use during LTM | 7.2 + 1 | 3.6 + 0.8 | F(1,24) = 5.33, p = 0.03 * | 1.6 |
| -Serial strategy use during the list acquisition | 5 + 1.2 | 5 + 0.9 | F(1,24) = 0.02, p = 0.90 | |
| -Serial strategy use during free STM | 1 + 0.4 | 0.8 + 0.3 | F(1,24) = 0.18, p = 0.68 | |
| -Serial strategy use during free LTM | 0.8 + 0.5 | 0.9 + 0.4 | F(1,24) = 0.001, p = 0.97 | |
| -Intrusions during free memory | 2.2 + 0.8 | 6.8 + 1.3 | F(1,24) = 5.10, p = 0.03 * | 1.3 |
| -Intrusions during memory with semantic cues | 0.8 + 0.3 | 3.2 + 0.7 | F(1,24) = 6.37, p = 0.02 * | 2.1 |
| -Recognition | 15.8 + 0.1 | 15.7 + 0.2 | F(1,24) = 0.04, p = 0.84 | |
| -False positives in Recognition | 0.7 + 0.2 | 2.8 + 1.1 | F(1,24) = 1.27, p = 0.27 | |
| Rey Complex Figure | ||||
| -Copy score | 35.7 + 0.3 | 33.9 + 1.7 | F(1,24) = 0.55, p = 0.47 | |
| -Delayed score | 23.8 + 1.6 | 20.3 + 1.8 | F(1,24) = 2.27, p = 0.15 | |
| Executive functions | ||||
| D-KEFS Tower test | ||||
| -Achievement score | 20.2 + 0.8 | 16.7 + 0.8 | F(1,24) = 5.07, p = 0.03 * | 1.6 |
| Digit span | ||||
| -Forward | 5.9 + 0.3 | 5.8 + 0.3 | F(1,24) = 0.28, p = 0.60 | |
| -Backward | 5.2 + 0.4 | 4.1 + 0.2 | F(1,24) = 3.60, p = 0.06 | |
| Verbal fluency | ||||
| -FAS | 43.6 + 1.7 | 35.8 + 2.7 | F(1,24) = 3.44, p = 0.05 * | |
| -Semantic: Animals | 22 + 0.8 | 19.4 + 1.2 | F(1,24) = 1.42, p = 0.24 | 0.9 |
| Stroop test | ||||
| -Word | 93.8 + 7 | 91.8 + 5.9 | F(1,24) = 0.03, p = 0.85 | |
| -Color | 62.8 + 3.5 | 59.4 + 3.3 | F(1,24) = 0.70, p = 0.41 | |
| -Total Color/Word | 49.4 + 6.8 | 36.9 + 2.3 | F(1,24) = 2.49, p = 0.12 | |
| -Interference Index | 12.8 + 6 | 1.3 + 2.1 | F(1,24) = 2.62, p = 0.12 | |
| Emotional perception | ||||
| RMET | ||||
| -Correct answers | 22.7 + 1.1 | 20.3 + 1.1 | F(1,24) = 0.37, p = 0.55 |
Values are means ± SEM or percentages. STM: Short-term memory; LTM: Long-term memory. *: Asterisks represent significant differences between groups (p ≤ 0.05).