Table 2.
Summary of antibiofilm activities of promising antibiofilm agents against biofilm producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various sources.
| Antibiofilm Activities | Promising | MRSA Isolates Sources (No.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiofilm Agents | Human (32) | Animal (17) | Food (11) | ||
|
Reduction percentage of biofilm capacity *
(Phenotypically, MTP method) |
ZnO NPs | 99.79 ± 0.089 | 99.81 ± 0.088 | 99.58 ± 0.016 | |
| HAM | 99.58 ± 0.072 | 99.81 ± 0.007 | 99.58 ± 0.016 | ||
| Proteinase K | 99.51 ± 0.065 | 99.28 ± 0.013 | 99.44 ± 0.004 | ||
| Fold changes of biofilm and QS genes expressions | icaA | ZnO NPs | 0.28 ± 0.042 | 0.18 ± 0.027 | 0.15 ± 0.020 |
| HAM | 0.40 ± 0.042 | 0.32 ± 0.027 | 0.45 ± 0.020 | ||
| Proteinase K | 0.81 ± 0.045 | 0.55 ± 0.027 | 0.69 ± 0.020 | ||
| agr | ZnO NPs | 0.08 ± 0.042 | 0.40 ± 0.025 | 0.48 ± 0.020 | |
| HAM | 0.22 ± 0.042 | 0.60 ± 0.027 | 0.59 ± 0.020 | ||
| Proteinase K | 0.59 ± 0.032 | 0.71 ± 0.027 | 0.82 ± 0.020 | ||
MTP: microtiter plate; QS: quorum sensing; icaA: intercellular adhesion A gene; agr: accessory gene regulator; ZnO NPs: zinc oxide nanoparticles; HAM: hamamelitannin; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. All data represent the mean values ± standard deviation for all analyzed biofilm producing MRSA isolates.