Table 1.
Maternal characteristics of 450 women with long-duration diabetes in three periods of observation between 1993 and 2018.
| Parameter | 1993–2000 I |
2001–2005 II |
2006–2018 III |
All | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients, n (%) | 91 (20.2) |
83 (18.4) |
276 (61.3) |
450 (100.0) |
|
| Number of patients/years, n | 11.4 | 16.6 | 21.2 | 18.0 | |
| Age, years (IQR) * | 26.0 (22.5–30.5) |
26.0 (23.0–29.0) |
28.0 (25.0–31.7) |
27.0 (24.0–31.0) |
p < 0.01 |
| Duration of diabetes, years (IQR) * | 16.5 (16.5–20.5) |
15.5 (12.0–20.0) |
18.0 (14.0–22.0) |
17.6 (13.0–21.0) |
p < 0.005 |
| Age at time of diagnosis of DM, years (IQR) * | 9.0 (6.0–13.0) |
9,0 (8.0–14.0) |
9.0 (6.0–12.0) |
9.0 (6.0–13.0) |
p = 0.39 |
| Patient’s height, cm (IQR) * | 162.0 (158.0–164.0) |
164.0 (160.0–168.0) |
164.0 (160.0–169.0) |
164.0 (160.0–168.0) |
p < 0.02 |
| Patient’s weight, kg (IQR) * | 58.0 (54.0–64.0) |
62.0 (55.0–68.0) |
63.3 (57.0–70.8) |
62.0 (56.0–69.0) |
p < 0.002 |
| BMI at the beginning of pregnancy, kg/m2 (IQR) * | 22.1 (20.8–24.4) |
22.2 (20.5–25.1) |
23.3 (21.1–26.1) |
22.9 (20.9–25.6) |
p < 0.02 |
| BMI at the end, kg/m2 (IQR) * | 26.6 (24.5–28.6) |
26.7 (25.2–29.3) |
28.0 (25.4–31.0) |
27.0 (24.4–30.5) |
26.6 (24.5–28.6) |
| Number of patients with BMI 25–30 kg/m2, n (%) ** | 11 (12.1) | 16 (19.3) | 66 (23.9) | 93 (20.7) | Gr.I vs. G.II p = 0.19 Gr.I vs. Gr.III p < 0.02 Gr.II vs. Gr.III p = 0.41 |
| Number of patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2, n (%) ** | 2 (2.2) | 5 (6.0) | 19 (6.9) | 26 (5.8) | Gr.I vs. Gr.II p = 0.24 Gr.II vs. Gr.III p = 0.81 Gr.I vs. Gr.III p = 0.12 |
| Planning the pregnancy, n (%) ** | 18 (19.6) | 14 (16.7) | 68 (24.3) | 100 (26.3) | Gr.I vs. Gr.II p = 0.61 Gr.II vs. Gr.III p = 0.14 Gr.I vs. Gr.III p = 0.34 |
| Beginning of observation, week (IQR) * | 11.0 (8.0–16.0) | 8.0 (6.0–13.0) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 8.0 (7.0–11.0) | p < 0.0001 |
| Number of patients with arterial hypertension, n (%) ** | 23 (23.3) | 11 (13.3) | 46 (16.7) | 80 (17.8) | Gr.I vs. Gr.II p < 0.05 Gr.II vs. Gr.III p = 0.25 Gr.I vs. Gr.III p = 0.07 |
| Number of patients with gestational hypertension, n (%) ** |
1 (1.1) | 16 (19.3) | 12 (4.4) | 29 (5.8) | Gr.I vs. Gr.II p < 0.0002 Gr.II vs. Gr.III p < 0.00001 Gr.I vs Gr.III p = 0.14 |
| Beginning of gestational hypertension, weeks (IQR) * | 27.0 (27.0–27.0) |
32.0 (25.0–33.5) |
31.0 (26.5–33.5) |
31.0 (26.0–33.0) |
Gr.I vs. Gr.II p < 0.05 Gr.II vs. Gr.III p = 0.07 |
| No of patients with PET, n (%) ** | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 (4.0) | 11 (2.44) | Gr.I vs. Gr.III p = 0.053 Gr.II vs. Gr.III p = 0.06 |
| HbA1C I trim., mol/mol (IQR) * | 61.7 (50.8–72.7) |
59.6 (46.4–78.1) |
59.6 (47.5–69.4) |
58.5 (47.5–70.5) |
p = 0.14 |
| HbA1C I trim., % (IQR) * | 7.8 (6.8–8.8) | 7.6 (6.4–9.3) | 7.6 (6.5–8.5) | 7.5 (6.5–8.6) | p = 0.14 |
| HbA1C II trim., mol/mol (IQR) * | 44.3 (34.4–61.7) |
48.6 (42.1–57.4) |
42.1 (34.4–47.5) |
42.1 (34.4–50.8) |
p < 0.001 |
| HbA1C II trim., % (IQR) * | 6.2 (5.3–7.8) | 6.6 (6.0–7.4) | 5.9 (5.3–6.5) | 6.0 (5.3–6.8) | p < 0.001 |
| HbA1C III trim., mol/mol, (IQR) * | 48.6 (36.6–59.6) |
46.8 (46.4–53.0) |
44.4 (43.2–49.7) |
44.3 (37.7–51.9) |
p = 0.08 |
| HbA1C III trim (last before delivery), % (IQR) * | 6.6 (5.5–7.6) | 6.4 (5.7–7.0) | 6.1 (5.6–6.7) | 6.2 (5.6–6.9) | p = 0.09 |
| Diurnal protein loss I trim., g/24 h (IQR) * | 0.8 (0.6–1.6) | 1.8 (0.7–2.5) | 0.14 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | p < 0.001 |
| Diurnal protein loss II trim., g/24 h (IQR) * | 1.5 (0.5–2.6) | 0.6 (0.5–2.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (1.1–0.6) | p < 0.05 |
| Diurnal protein loss III trim., g/24 h (IQR) * | 2.6 (0.6–4.7) | 0.6 (0.2–3.0) | 0.4 (0.2–1.2) | 0.4 (0.2–1.3) | p < 0.01 |
| Creatinine I trim., mg/dL (IQR) * | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.6–0.7) | p < 0.0001 |
| Creatinine II trim., mg/dL (IQR) * | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.7 (0.6–0.7) | 0.5 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | p < 0.0001 |
| Creatinine III trim., mg/dL (IQR) * | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.6 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | p < 0.0005 |
* ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test; ** Chi 2 test; IQR (interquartile range); DM (diabetes mellitus); BMI (body mass index); PET (preeclampsia); HbA1C (haemoglobin A1C).