Table 3.
Clinical characteristics in test and control group for subjects in muscle insulin resistance (MIR) subgroup.
| Test (n = 20) |
Control (n = 22) |
Time Effect | Interaction Effect (Time × Treatment) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 13 | Week 0 | Week 13 | p-value | p-value | |
| Weight (kg) | 98.8 (14.8) | 96.7 (14.4) | 98.3 (16.2) | 95.7 (16.2) | <0.001 | 0.67 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 115.8 (8.0) | 113.3 (8.6) | 117.2 (10.7) | 112.4 (8.9) | <0.001 | 0.35 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.0 (4.4) | 33.2 (4.2) | 33.6 (4.6) | 32.8 (4.9) | <0.001 | 0.71 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 144 (20) | 136 (13) | 145 (18) | 138 (11) | 0.02 | 0.87 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 86 (10) | 80 (9) | 89 (8) | 85 (7) | 0.05 | 0.62 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.8 (1.3) | 7.1 (1.1) | 7.4 (1.1) | 7.3 (1.2) | 0.02 ^ | |
| 2hr plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 14.0 (3.4) | 13.5 (3.1) | 13.9 (3.3) | 13.1 (4.1) | 0.10 | 0.64 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 47.84 (5.77) | 44.60 (4.78) | 46.72 (6.43) | 44.22 (4.87) | 0.04 | 0.24 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L) | 135.9 (78.1) | 115.1 (55.9) | 116.6 (36.9) | 126.3 (57.8) | 0.03 ^ | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.7) | 0.24 | 0.56 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.14 (0.31) | 1.21 (0.27) | 1.15 (0.23) | 1.19 (0.18) | 0.11 | 0.54 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.6) | 0.15 | 0.72 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.66 | 0.32 |
| Calcidiol (nmol/L) | 56.1 (22.1) | 73.5 (13.8) | 58.1 (17.3) | 55.2 (21.1) | <0.001 ^ | |
| Leucine | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.20 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.19 | 0.74 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 36.0 (10.0) | 32.7 (9.0) | 35.3 (8.0) | 32.5 (8.5) | <0.001 | 0.28 |
| VAT (cm2) | 197 (52) | 172 (41) | 189 (51) | 166 (46) | <0.01 | 0.61 |
| ASMM (kg) | 25.4 (5.1) | 26.3 (5.3) | 25.5 (5.5) | 25.5 (5.6) | 0.04 ^ | |
| Matsuda index | 1.63 (0.59) | 2.10 (0.81) | 1.82 (0.69) | 1.71 (0.83) | <0.01 ^ | |
| Disposition index | 1.23 (1.43) | 1.31 (1.44) | 1.44 (2.28) | 1.43 (2.12) | 0.60 | 0.17 |
| Hepatic insulin resistance index | 2868.5 (2113.5) | 2168.8 (1324.8) | 2237.7 (743.3) | 2421.12 (1193.1) | 0.02 ^ | |
| Muscle insulin sensitivity index | −0.41 (0.34) | −1.01 (0.80) | −0.39 (0.32) | −0.83 (0.79) | 0.08 | 0.47 |
| Adipose tissue insulin resistance index | 92.90 (59.20) | 69.13 (39.99) | 75.96 (30.15) | 77.17 (39.70) | 0.04 ^ | |
| 10-RM leg press (kg) | 159 (78) | 213 (73) | 119 (45) | 161 (66) | <0.001 | 0.73 |
| Knee extension power (Watt) | 186 (84) | 210 (69) | 172 (50) | 184 (56) | 0.01 | 0.90 |
| VO2peak (L/min) | 1.68 (0.37) | 1.89 (0.39) | 1.58 (0.33) | 1.83 (0.51) | <0.001 | 0.45 |
Data given are as mean and standard deviation (SD). HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein; LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein; BMI = body mass index; VAT: Visceral Adipose Tissue; ASMM = appendicular skeletal muscle mass. 10-RM = 10 repetitions max. ^ Significant effect (p < 0.05) in test group after post-hoc analysis.