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. 2020 Sep 30;10(10):1950. doi: 10.3390/nano10101950

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(a) General classification of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) into different types of low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) and high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL). © 2016 IEEE. Reprinted, with permission, from [1], Bonse, J.; Höhm, S.; Kirner, S.V.; Rosenfeld, A.; Krüger, J. Laser-induced periodic surface structures—A scientific evergreen, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron, 2017, 23, 9000615. SEM micrographs of near wavelength-sized LSFL-I (b) and sub-wavelength HSFL-II (c) on Ti6Al4V surfaces after irradiation with multiple fs-laser pulses in air (pulse duration τ = 30 fs, center wavelength λ = 790 nm, pulse repetition frequency 1 kHz). Note the different magnifications. The double arrows in (b) mark the direction of laser beam polarization. (b,c) are reproduced from Kirner et al. [9], Nanometer-resolved chemical analyses of femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on titanium, J. Appl. Phys, 2017, 122, 104901, https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4993128, with the permission of AIP Publishing.