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. 2020 Oct 1;8(10):1513. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8101513

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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B. thetaiotaomicron degraded lactose and HMOSs in the co-culture. (A) A generic representation of HMOS structure [46] and prediction of bacterial glycosyl hydrolase (GH) required to cleave the specific linkage. (B) Genome prediction for HMOS-degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) for B. thetaiotaomicron and A. caccae. (C) The proposed mechanism for HMOS sequestration by B. thetaiotaomicron using polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL). Abbreviation: HMOS, human milk oligosaccharide; OM, outer membrane; PP, periplasm; CM, cytoplasmic membrane; Tr, transporter; SusC, SusC-like TonB-dependent transporter; SusD, SusD-like outer membrane-binding protein.