Table 1.
Examples of toxicity assessment by bioassay of purified cyanotoxins in combinations and of cyanotoxins plus additional environmental toxins/pollutants.
| Toxic Agents | Test Organism/Cell Line | Outcome 1 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| MC-LR plus Antx-a | Mouse, intranasal bioassay | SYN | [26] |
| MC-LR plus Antx-a | Selenastrum capricornutum | SYN | [27] |
| MC-LR plus Antx-a | Cyprinus carpio, carp cells | SYN (potential) | [28] |
| MC-LR plus Antx-a | Vallisneria natans, and microbial biofilm | ANTAG | [29] |
| MC-LR plus Microcystis LPS | Artemia salina and Daphnia sp. | ANTAG | [30] |
| MC-LR plus CYN | Chlorella vulgaris | SYN | [31] |
| MC-LR plus cyanobacterial λ-linolenic acid |
Daphnia magna | ADDIT | [32] |
| MC-LR plus aflatoxin B1 | Human hepatic cells | ANTAG | [33] |
| MC-LR plus aflatoxin B1, and plus fumonisin B1 |
HepG2, Caco2, MDBK cell lines | ADDIT, SYN, ANTAG | [34] |
| MC-LR and copper | Danio rerio | SYN | [35] |
| MC-LR plus copper | Vallisneria natans | SYN | [36] |
| MC-LR plus linear alkyl- benzene sulphonate |
Lactuca sativa | SYN | [37] |
| MC-LR plus phenanthrene | Lemna gibba | ANTAG, SYN, ADDIT | [38] |
| CYN plus chloropyrifos | Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line | ANTAG | [39] |
| CYN plus bisphenols | HepG2 cells | SYN, ADDIT | [40] |
1 SYN, synergistic; ADDIT, additive; ANTAG, antagonistic toxicological outcomes of applications of multiple toxic agents. MC-LR, microcystin-LR, Antx-a, anatoxin-a; CYN, cylindrospermopsin. Outcomes in several systems were influenced by relative concentrations, and in some cases by timing of applications of toxins/toxicants, see references.