4eBP1/eIF4E	Eukaryotic translation initiation 4E-binding protein 1
10-HDA	trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid
AGEs	Advanced glycation end products
AKT	A serine/threonine nutrient sensing protein kinase
AMP	Adenosine monophosphate
AMPK	Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase
ARE	Antioxidant response element
ATF4	Activating transcription factor-4
ATP	Adenosine tri-phosphate
COX	Cyclooxygenase
eNOs	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
FOXO	Forkhead box O
GI	Gastrointestinal
GLUT4	Glucose transporter 4
HET	Heterogeneous head tilt
HFD	High fat diet
HIF	Hypoxia-inducible factor
HO-1	Heme oxygenase 1
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
IKK	IκB kinase
IGFs	Insulin-like growth factors
IL	Interleukin
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IR	Insulin receptor
LESM	Lower extremity skeletal muscle mass
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDA	Malondialdehyde
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
MMP-12	Metalloproteinase-12
MCP-1	Monocyte chemotactic protein 1
MRJPs	Major royal jelly proteins
MyoD	Myogenic differentiation 1
NF-kB	Nuclear factor kappa-B
NRF2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2/Nuclear respiratory factor 2
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
PI3k	Phosphoinositide-3 kinase
PUFA	Polyunsaturated fatty acids
PKC	Protein kinase C
pRJ	Protease-treated royal jelly
QOL	Quality of life
RAGE	Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products
RCT	Randomized control trial
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SDs	Standard deviations
S6K	P70 ribosomal proteins S6 kinase
SMART	Specific of Muscle Atrophy and Regulated by Transcription
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor
TNFR1	Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1
VEGF-A	Vascular endothelial growth factor A
VSMCs	Vascular smooth muscle cells