Table 1.

Stachys species with reported traditional medicinal uses.

Species	Geographical Origin of the Reported Traditional Use	Traditional Medicinal Use	Preparation and/or Administration/ Parts of the Plant	Ref.
S. acerosa Boiss.	Iran	Common cold	Decoction	[31]
S. affinis Bunge (=S. sieboldii Miq.)	China	Infections, colds, heart diseases, tuberculosis, pneumonia	Edible food (tubers)	[27,28]
	China	Common cold, heart diseases, for pain relief, as antioxidant, to treat ischemic brain injury, dementia, various gastrointestinal related diseases	-	[29]
S. annua (L.) L	Italy	Headache	Infusion of leaves; also, external use to wash face	[51]
S. annua (L.) L subsp. annua	Italy	Anti-catarrhal, febrifuge, tonic, vulnerary, against evil eye	Aerial parts	[52]
S. arvensis (L.) L.	-	Against evil eye	-	[55]
S. balansae Boiss. & Kotschy	-	Hypotonic diseases, cardiac neuroses	Liquid and alcoholic extracts	[23]
S. byzantina K. Koch.	-	Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer, antispasmodic, sedative and diuretic agent, and in the treatment of digestive disorders, wounds, infections, asthma, rheumatic and inflammatory disorders, dysentery, epilepsy, common cold and neuropathy	-	[33]
	Iran	Infected wounds, cutting	Decoction, Demulcent (Leaves)	[34,35]
	Brazil	Antiinflammatory	Infusion of leaves	[60]
S. cretica subsp. anatolica Rech. f.	Turkey	Colds, stomach ailments	Infusion, decoction, internal	[49]
S. cretica L. subsp. mersinaea (Boiss.) Rech. f.	Turkey	Colds, stomach ailments	Infusion, decoction, internal	[49]
S. fruticulosa M. Bieb.	Iran	Anti- inflammatory	Aerial parts	[32]
S. geobombycis C.Y.Wu	China, Japan and Europe	Tonic	-	[22]
S. germanica L.	Iran	Gastrodynia, for painful menstruation	Infusion of flowers	[34]
	-	Skin disorders (Veterinary use)	-	[55]
S. glutinosa L.	-	As antispasmoic and against chicken louse	-	[55]
S. iberica subsp. georgica Rech. f.	Turkey	Colds, antipyretic	Decoction, internal	[49]
S. iberica subsp. stenostachya (Boiss.) Rech. f.	Turkey	Colds, antipyretic, stomach ache	Decoction, internal	[49]
S. inflata Benth.	Iran	Infections, asthmatic, rheumatic, inflammatory disorders	Extracts of aerial parts (non flowering stems)	[36,37]
	Iran	Common cold, Analgesic, high blood pressure	Decoction of aerial parts	[31]
S. iva Griseb.	Greece	Common cold and gastrointestinal disorders	Decoction, infusion	[56]
S. kurdica Boiss & Hohen var. kurdica	Turkey	Cold, stomach-ache	Decoction of branches/flowers Drink one glass of the plant on an empty stomach in the morning	[50]
S. lavandulifolia Vahl.	Iran	Treat pain and inflammation	Boiled extracts of the aerial parts	[12]
	Iran	Sedative, gastrotonic and spasmolytic properties, treatment of some gastrointestinal disorders, colds and flu	Herbal tea of flowering aerial parts	[13]
	Iran	Headache, renal calculus common cold, sedative flavoring agent, abdominal pain	Decoction of aerial parts, Food additive (aerial parts)	[31]
	Turkey	Antipyretic, cough	Decoction, internal	[49]
	Iran	Painful and inflammatory disorders	Boiled extracts of aerial parts	[41]
	Iran	Anxiolytic influence	Herbal tea	[38,39,40,41,42,43,44]
S. mucronata Sieb.	Greece	Antirheumatic and antineuralgic remedy	Decoction for massage	[57]
		For wounds and ulcers	Washed with the decoction and covered with a poultice of fresh leaves for cicatrization
		Antidiarrhoic agent	Infusion of fresh leaves
		Pugative	Infusion of roots
S. obliqua Waldst. & Kit.	Turkey	Cold, stomach ailments, fever and cough	Herb, infusion, decoction	[22]
S. officinalis (L.) Trevisan (=S. betonica Benth.; Betonica officinalis L.)	Serbia, Egypt, Montenegro	Skin disorders, antibacterial purposes, against headache, nervous tension, anxiety, menopausal problems, as a tobacco snuff	Tea of dried leaves	[22]
	Italy	Dye wool yellow	Plant	[51]
	Italy	Wounds, in the sores of pack animals	Oily extract of flowers	[54]
S. palustris L.	-	Disinfectant, anti-spasmodic and for treatment of wounds	-	[17,61]
	Poland	Wounds, additive in food	-	[58]
	-	Antiseptic, to relieve gout, to stop haemorrhage	-	[62]
S. parviflora Benth. (=Phlomidoschema parviflorum (Benth.) Vved.)	-	Cramps, arthralgia, epilepsy, falling sickness, dracunculiasis	-	[63,64]
S. pilifera Benth.	Iran	Toothache, edible, tonic, analgesic, edema, expectorant, tussive	Decoction of aerial parts	[31]
	Iran	Asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and infections	-	[45]
S. pumila Banks & Sol.	Anatolia	Antibacterial and healing effects	Tea of the whole part	[21]
	Anatolia	Sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic and emmenagogic properties	Tea of the leaves	[21]
	-	Bronchitis, asthma, stomach pain and gall and liver disorders	-	[65]
S. recta L.	Europe	Anxiolytic properties	Herbal tea, Oral administration	[11]
	Italy	Headache	Infusion of leaves to wash face	[51]
	Italy	Bad influence/spirit	Decoction	[53]
	Italy	Depurative	Decoction of the aerial parts	[54]
S. recta L. subsp. recta	Italy	Tootache and other pain	Aerial parts applied in body parts	[53]
		against anxiety, pain and toothache	Decoction of flowering tops for bath or to wash face, hands and wrists for 3 days
S. schtschegleevii Sosn. ex Grossh.	Iran	Antiinflamatory	Aerial parts	[32,34]
	Iran	Infectious diseases of the respiratoy tract (for colds and sinusitis), for asthma, rheumatism and other inflammatory disorders	-	[46]
S. sieboldii Miq. (=S. affinis Bunge)	China	Cold and against infections, promoting blood circulation	Dried whole plant	[30]
S. sylvatica L.	-	Disinfectant, anti-spasmodic and for treatment of wounds	-	[17]
	Iran	Diuretic, digestive, emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, tonic properties and for the treatment of women with PCOS	-	[47]
	Turkey	Cardiac disorders	Infusion of aerial parts	[48]
S. tibetica Vatke	India	For fever, cough, phobias and various mental disorder	Whole plant is boiled and made into a decoction. Drink one teacup decoction twice a day to treat fever for 5–7 days	[66]
S. turcomanica Trautv.	Iran	Foot inflammation, toothache, bronchitis and common cold	Infusion, Demulcent, Vapor (Whole plant)	[34]