Table 3.
Examples of vaccines currently being developed for SARS-CoV-2.
| Type of Vaccine | Platform | Current Stage and Trial ID | Manufacturer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase 3 (ChiCTR2000034780) Phase 1/2(ChiCTR2000032459) |
Beijing Institute of Biological Products and Sinopharm | [134] |
| Inactivated | Inactivated | Phase 3 (NCT04456595) (669/UN6.KEP/EC/2020) Phase 1/2 (NCT04383574) (NCT04352608) |
Sinovac | [134] |
| Whole-virion (inactivated) | Inactivated | Phase 1/2 (NCT04471519) |
Bharat Biotech | [134] |
| Codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccine | Live attenuated virus | Pre-clinical | Indian Immunologicals and Griffith University | [142] |
| Microneedle patch (S1 subunit) | Protein subunit | Pre-clinical | University of Pittsburgh | [143] |
| Trimeric subunit (S protein) | Protein subunit | Phase 1 (NCT04405908) |
Clover Biopharmaceuticals, GSK and Dynavax | [144] |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticle vaccine (full length glycoprotein) with/without matrix M as adjuvant | Protein subunit | Phase 2 b (NCT04533399) Phase 1/2 (NCT04368988) |
Novavax | [145] |
| RBD protein fused with IgG (Fc region) in combination with an adjuvant | Protein subunit | Pre-clinical | Chulalongkorn University and GPO, Thailand | [134] |
| Molecular clamp stabilized S protein + MF59 adjuvant | Protein subunit | Phase 1 (ACTRN12620000674932p) |
University of Queensland, CSL and Seqirus | [146] |
| Recombinant protein (RBD-dimer) with an adjuvant | Protein subunit | Phase 2 (NCT04466085) Phase 1(NCT04445194) |
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | [134] |
| Recombinant protein, nanoparticles (containing S-protein and other epitopes) | Protein subunit | Pre-clinical | Saint-Petersburg scientific research institute of vaccines and serums | [134] |
| LNP-based peptide antigens | Protein subunit | Pre-clinical | IMV Inc | [134] |
| 3 LNP-mRNAs | RNA | Phase 3 (NCT04368728) Phase 1/2 (2020-001038-36) (ChiCTR2000034825) (NCT04537949) |
BioNTech, Pfizer and Fosun Pharma | [134] |
| LNP-encapsulated mRNA | RNA | Phase 3 (NCT04470427) Phase 2 (NCT04405076) Phase 1 (NCT04283461) |
Moderna and NIAID | [147] |
| DNA plasmid vaccine (intradermal, followed by electroporation) |
DNA | Phase 1/2 (NCT04447781) (NCT04336410) |
Inovio Pharmaceuticals and International Vaccine Institute | [148] |
| Plasmid DNA (needle-free delivery) | DNA | Pre-clinical | Immunomic Therapeutics, EpiVax and PharmaJet | [149] |
| DNA plasmid vaccine with an adjuvant | DNA | Phase 1/2 (NCT04463472) (NCT04527081) |
Osaka University, AnGes and Takara Bio | [134] |
| Para-influenza virus 5-based vaccine manifesting the S protein | Non-replicating viral vector | Pre-clinical | University of Georgia and University of Iowa | [150] |
| Intranasal recombinant vaccine based on Influenza A virus, for SARS-Cov-2 infection | Replicating viral vector | Pre-clinical | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor and Koltsovo |
[134] |
| Adenovirus type 5 vector | Non-replicating viral vector | Phase 3 (NCT04526990) (NCT04540419) Phase 2 (ChiCTR2000031781) Phase 1 (ChiCTR2000030906) |
CanSino Biological and Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | [139] |
| ChAdOx1-S | Non-replicating viral vector | Phase 3 (ISRCTN89951424) (NCT04516746) Phase 2 (2020-001228-32) Phase 1/2 (PACTR202006922165132) (2020-001072-15) |
University of Oxford and AstraZeneca | [140] |
| Enveloped virus-like particle | VLP | Pre-clinical | VBI Vaccines Inc. | [134] |